新东方白易礼语法笔记-第26章
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例如:The supermarket which was opened two months ago is now closed down。
两个月前开的那家超市现在已经倒闭了。(限定)
The supermarket; which was opened two months ago; is now closed down。
那家超市现在已经倒闭了,那家超市两个月前开的。(非限定)
The book(which) you’re reading is mine 。
你正在读的那本书是我的。(限定)
The book; which you’re reading; is mine。
那本书是我的,你正在读那本书。(非限定)
如果以上例子的差别不十分明显,再看下面的例句:
I’ve been to London ; which is a beautiful city。
我去过伦敦,那是个美丽的城市。
Your father; whom I respect very much; is a kind old man。
你父亲是个很和善的老头,我很尊重他。
Nanjing; where I lived for five years; is very hot in summer。
南京夏天非常热,我在那里生活过五年。
在以上三例当中,定语从句不就能是限定性的。若变成限定性定语从句,其意就成了“我去过那个是座美丽的城市的伦敦。你那个我很尊重的父亲是个很和善的老头。我在那里生活过五年的南京夏天非常热。”言外之意是还有别的伦敦、父亲和南京。
通过这几个例子我们可以看出,专用名词以及世界上独一无二的东西都不能有限定性定语从句。因为它们的意义本身已经非常清楚,不需要对其进行限定。另外,非限定性定语从句的先行词还可以是整个主句所表达的意义。如:He did well in the physics exam; which surprised me。
他物理考得很好,这使我很吃惊。(学地道的英语有两个重要的练习方法:parallel writing; and reverse translation,即平行写作和逆翻译。所谓平行写作,就是模仿英语的句子写类似的句子。而逆翻译就是先把英语译成汉语,或根据汉语的译文,再把汉语翻译成英语,再把英语译文同原文比较,分析差异。这两种方法能避免汉语式英语。)
He did well in the physics exam; which surprised me。
他物理考得很好,这使我很吃惊。
请把这句话逆翻译。有的同学会翻译为:He did well in the physics exam; this surprised me。 这句话错在什么地方呢?错在句法。这句话有两个主谓结构,是两个并列的分句,但没有连词(this 是代词),这就成了串句。再如:He’s very particular about wording; which I am not。
他很咬文嚼字,而我不。
I said nothing; which made her angry。
我什么也没说,这使她很生气。
Tom didn’t go to the show; which was a pity。
没去看演出,这很遗憾。
下面看看各个关系词的用法:1.指人的关系代词:who; whom; whose; that 的用法:(1)作主语(who; that )Those who are going to play in the match are to meet at the gate at 1:30 after lunch。那些参加比赛的人午饭后1:30在大门口集合。
在本句中,先行词是those;关系代词who引导定语从句,同时代替先行词在从句中担任动词are going to play 的主语。The man who/that is talking with Mr。 Wang is a famous doctor。正在和王先生说话的那个人是一个有名的医生。
在本句中,先行词是the man;关系代词who/that引导定语从句,同时代替先行词在从句中担任动词is talking的主语。这个复合句可以还原成两个句子:The man is a famous doctor。 He is talking with Mr。 Wang。(2)作宾语包括作介词宾语(whom; that )。此种情况下的关系代词可以省略;This is just the man(whom/that) I want for the job。这正是我要的做这份工作的人。
在本句中,先行词是the man;关系代词whom/that 引导定语从句,同时代替先行词在从句中担任动词want 的宾语。Is he the manager (whom/that) you are looking for?他是你在找的那位经理吗?(3)当关系代词紧跟介词作介词宾语时,不能用that,也不能省略,如:The book from which I got a lot of useful information was written by a famous scientist。我从中得到许多有用信息的那本书是一位著名科学家写的。Who is the boy with whom you were talking a moment ago。你刚才和他说话的那个男孩是谁?I know the young couple from whose house the music is ing。但是当介词放在从句末尾时,作为介词宾语的关系代词可以用that 并且可以省略。如上头两句可改为:The book (that /which) I got a lot of information from was written by a famous scientist。Who is the boy (that/whom) you were talking with a moment ago?2.指物的关系代词which和that的用法:(1)作主语This is the instruction manual which/that tells you how to operate the puter。这是那本教你如何操作计算机的说明手册。(2)作宾语包括作介词宾馆。此种情况下的关系代词可以省略:The chair (which /that) you broke yesterday is now being repaired。你昨天弄坏的那把椅子现在正在修理。The film (which/that) I saw last night was about a soldier who fought in WWII。我昨天晚上看的那部电影是关于一个在二战中打过仗的士兵的。(本句有两个定语从句。)This is the bike for which I paid 100。这就是我花了100美元买的那辆自行车。The car(which/that)he went in was a black Cadillac。他坐在里面走了的那辆汽车是一辆黑色的卡迪拉克。The accounts of the pany; (which/that) I’ve been paying great attention to; are in balance。我一直非常注意的公司账目,是保持平衡的。3.whose 和of which 指代人或事物,作定语。of which 可用whose 代替;The car whose lights (of which the lights/the lights of which) were all broken was my father’s。那辆所有的灯都破了的汽车是我父亲的。例:His house of which the windows (the windows of which /whose windows) were all broken was a depressing sight。
他那所有窗户都坏了的房子真是目不忍睹。
That is the book whose cover (of which the cover/the cover of which ) was broken。
这就是那本封皮破了的书。4.关系代词的格应与它在从句中充当的成分一致。特别要注意插入语,如:Peter is the one who everybody believes will fail to bring off the contract。 Peter 是那个人人都认为不能完成合同的人。(everybody believes 是插入语)
At the election I voted for the man whom I believed to be the most suitable。
在选举的时候我投了我认为最合适的那个人的票。5.关系代词作从句的主语时,从句的动词必须和先行词的人称和数一致:例:These are the operating instructions that/which are written in English 。
这就是用英文写成的使用说明。
Are you staying at the white house which/that is newly pleted and which /that has 15 bedrooms; 3 kitchens and 4 toilets?
你是住在那幢刚刚竣工、有15个卧室、3个病房和4个卫生间的白色房子里吗?
So far as I know; there are many VIPs who are going to attend the reception。
就我所知有很多达官贵人将出席这个招待会。6.非限定性定语从句不用that,只用who(whose; whom)和which代表人和物;例:Her brothers; both of whom work in America; ring her up every week。
她的兄弟们??两个人都在美国工作??每个星期都给她打电话。
The buses; most of which were already full; were surrounded by an angry crowd,
那些公共汽车??大多已经坐满了人??被一群愤怒的人围着。
That tower block; which cost five million dollars to build; has been empty for five years。
那个塔楼空着已经5年了。建它花了500万美元。
Cricket; which I know very little about; is a very popular sport in England。
板球是英格兰非常流行的体育活动,我对它知之甚少。
The accounts of the pany ;which I’ve been paying great attention to; are in balance。
公司的账目是保持平衡的。我一直非常注意这些账目。7.关系副词(=介词+关系代词):
关系副词先行词在从句中的作用说明when(=at / on / in / during which)时间名词时间状语非正式文体中,有时用that代替关系副词where(=in / at which)地点名词地点状语
why=(for which)只有reason原因状语例:I shall never forget the day when (=on which) we first met。
我永远也不会忘记我们第一次见面的那一天。
The rain came at a time when (=at which) it was not needed。
雨下得不是时候。
This is the puter where (=by/on which) he has stolen top…secret documents。
这就是他用来盗窃绝密文件的计算机。
Here is the place where (=at which) the murder took place。
这就是谋杀发生的地方。
He didn’t give any reason why (=for which) I had been fired。
他没给任何解雇我的理由
This is the house in which (=where) my parents used to live。
这就是我父母以前住过的房子。注意事项:(1)在非正式场合, that有时可用来代替关系副词或相当于关系副词的“介词+which”,而且经常全部省略,如:In all the years that (=when/during which) I was at collage
在我读大学的那些年里
the reason that(=why/for which)he is not happy
他不高兴的理由
The direction(that)(=in which )the heavenly bodies move can’t be changed。
天体运行的方向是不可改变的。
He is unpopular because people don’t like the offensive way (that)(=in which) he talks。
他不受欢迎的原因是他说话的方式让人讨厌。(2)是用关系代词还是用关系副词:关系词(包括关系代词和关系副词)是学习英语定语从句的关键。用关系代词还是用关系副词,一要看关系词在从句当中作什么成分;二要看关系词所代表的是人、物、时间、地点还是原因;三要看所引导的是限定性定语从句还是非限定性定语从句。所以同样的先行词会有不同的关系词,这是因为关系词在从句当中担当的作用不同而决定的。如:This