新东方白易礼语法笔记-第22章
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ry sat on the ground； talking with Jane。12）I stood at the gate。 I was waiting for his arrival。…I stood at the gate waiting for his arrival。13） John put on his raincoat because he saw that it was raining。…Seeing that it was raining John put on his raincoat。14） As he was stepping carelessly off the pavement； he was knocked down by the bus。…Stepping carelessly off the pavement； he was knocked down by the bus。15） He used chopsticks。 He ate his dinner。…He ate his dinner using chopsticks。16） As he was going downstairs he tripped on the carpet。…Going downstairs he tripped on the carpet。17） When I was learning English； I had much trouble in pronunciation。…When learning English； I had much trouble in pronunciation。18） As he himself was one of the exploited Pottier shared their bitterness and sufferings。…Being one of the exploited himself Pottier shared their bitterness and sufferings。19） The bridge had been weakened by successive storms and was no longer safe。…Weakened by successive storms； the bridge was no longer safe。20） What is the book？ It is being translated。…What is the book being translated？21） As we did not know his address we could not get in touch with him。…Not knowing his address we could not get in touch with him。22） As she had been there many times； she knew the place quit well。…Having been there many times； she knew the place quite well。23） As we had not got a reply from them； we became quite worried。…Not having got a reply from them； we became quite worried。24） Because they had been brought up in the city； they knew little about farmwork。…Having been brought up in the city； they knew little about farmwork。25） He was a League member。 He ought to take the lead in such activities。…Being a League member； he ought to take the lead in such activities。 such activities。
2、 改正下列句子中的错误（注意分词短语的逻辑主语和句子的主语是否一致）。Example：Climbing to the top of the hill； there is a magnificent view to be seen。…Climbing to the top of the hill； one can see a magnificent view。…If one climbs to the top of the hill； there is a magnificent view to be seen。1）Being Sunday I shall have a quiet day at home。…It being Sunday I shall have quiet day at home。2）Entering the house； the door closed with a bang。…Entering the house； he closed the door with a bang。3）Walking through the park； the flowers made a lovely sight。…Walking through the park； we saw a lovely show of flower。4）Waiting for a bus； a brick fell on my head。…As I was waiting for a bus； a brick fell on my head。5）Having been away from his hometown for more than thirty years； no one recognize him。…As he had been away from his hometown for more than thirty years； no one recognize him。
四、使用非谓语动词应注意的问题1、不定式作状语时常用的句型。动词不定式在句中可用来作目的、结果、原因状语，常用于下列句型中：
（1） in order to和so as to do（以便，为了）：
She decided to work harder in order （so as） to catch up with the others。 她决心加紧学习，好赶上别人。
（2）too……to do……（非常…… 以至于不能……）
The boy is too young to join the navy。这男孩太小参不了海军。
（3） ……enough to do……（足以做……）
The hall is big enough to hold 1；000 people。这厅大得足以容纳一千人。
（4）only to do……（不料却……）
They lift a rock only to drop it on their own feet。他们搬起石头却砸自己的脚。
（5）〃be＋情绪形容词＋to do〃这个结构，不定式说明产生这一情绪的原因。
We are proud to be trained here in China。在中国受训我们感到自豪。2、动名词和不定式作主语和表语时的区别动名词和不定式都可以作主语和表语。一般来说，在表示抽象的、一般的行为时，多用动名词；在表示具体某次动作，特别是将来的动作时，多用不定式。但在It’s no use（good），it’s Useless后面常用动名词作主语。
例如
Her present job is teaching music。 = Teaching music is her… （泛指）
To teach music to Grade One is her present job。 =Her present job is to teach … （特指）
It’s difficult for him to finish the了ob in a week。
Tom’s being late again made me angry。 汤姆又来晚了使我很生气。
It’s no use crying over spilt milk。 覆水难收
3、动名词和不定式作定语时的区别。作定语时：现在分词和它修饰的名词之间有逻辑上的主谓关系（现在分词可以改为定语从句），可以置于于被修饰词之前或之后，动名词做定语通常表示它所修饰的名词的用途（可以改为for短语），而者不存在逻辑上的主谓关系，它一般只能置于被修饰词之前。请看几个词组：
现在分词作定语： a sleeping dog=a dog that is sleeping
a flying bird=a bird that is flying
a crying baby=a baby that is crying
boiling water=water that is boiling
动名词作定语： a sleeping bag=a bag for sleeping
a swimming pool=a pool for swimming
a flying suit=a suit for flying
drinking water=water for drinking4、动名词和不定式作宾语补足语时的区别。在look at，listen to； feel，hear，notice，observe，see，watch等动词后可以用不定式或现在分词作宾语补足语，意义差别不大。现在分词强调动作正在发生、还未结束；不定式只是陈述事实。
例如：
Did you hear someone knocking at the door？你刚才听到有人敲门吗？
Yes I did。 I heard him knock three times。是的，我听到他敲了三下。
I saw your father working in your garden yesterday。
昨天我看见你父亲正在花园里干活。
I saw your father work in your garden yesterday。
昨天我见你父亲在园里干活。〔注意〕find后面可用分词（现在分词和过去分词）作宾补，不用不定式。如：正：I found him lying on the ground。误：I found him lie on the ground。下列动词常跟分词作宾补：catch抓住，have让、｛吏，keep使处十某状态，get使得，see看见，hear听见，find发现，feel感觉到，leave使处于某状态，make使（只接过去分词），want想要，start引起，notice注意到，observe观察，watch观看、注视，set使处于某状态，等等5。 allow； permit； forbid，encourage，advise的用法相似，具体如下：
（1） 后面无宾语时，接doing；。
例如：
Sorry we don' t allow smoking in the lecture room。对不起，本教室里不许抽烟。
The school doesn' t permit smoking in class。学校不许在课上抽烟。
Mrs。 Green forbade smoking in her house。格林夫人禁止在她家抽烟。
The teacher encouraged speaking more English in class。老师鼓励在课堂上多说英语。
（2）后面有宾语时，接to do。
例如：
Tom' s mother will not allow him to watch the film on TV。汤姆的母亲不会允许他在电视上看那个电影。
The school doesn' t permit its students to smoke in class。学校不允许它的学生们在上课时抽烟。
Mrs。 Green forbade us to smoke in her house。格林夫人不许我们在她家抽烟。
The teacher encouraged everybody to speak more English in class。老师鼓励每个人在课堂上多说英语。
The doctor advised me to take more exercises。大夫建议我多锻炼。
（3）接doing时，doing前面可以带自己的形式主语（意思上的主语，也叫逻辑主语）
例如：
That teacher doesn' t permit our smoking in his class。老师不允许我们在他讲课时抽烟。（our是smoking的主语）
Paul' s mother will forbid his going with you。保罗的妈妈不会允许他跟你去。
The doctor advised my taking more exercises。大夫建议我多锻炼。6、非谓语动词的正误辨析：
（1 ）正在粉刷的房子将是一家书店。
误： The house painted will be a bookstore
正： The house being painted will be a bookstore。
正： The house that/which is being painted will be a bookstore。析：现在分词的被动式和过去分词都表示被动意义，但是过去分词表示动作已经完成，而现在分词的被动式表示动作正在进行、还未完成。（2）他竟然会缺席，这使我感到惊讶。误：It is astonished to me that he should be absent。正：It is astonishing to me that he should be absent。正：I am astonished that he is absent。析：一般来说，由现在分词转化而来的形容词，有主动意味，说明事物的性质或特征，多可译为令人感到……的；而由过去分词转化而来的形容词，有被动意味或表示已完成的动作，长译为“感到……、觉得……”。（3）这本书我读起来太难了。误：The book is too difficult far me to read it正：The book is too difficult far me to read析：句子主语是不定式的逻辑宾语，所以应去掉，否则就犯了重复的毛病。（4） 打开抽屉，他拿出词典。误：Opening the drawer； and he took out a dictionary。正：Opening the drawer； he took out a dictionary。析：并列连词等是用来连接两个或更多个语法作用相同的词、短语、或句子。分词短语和句子之间不能用并列连词。（5） 他别无选择，只有躺下来睡觉。误：He has no choice but lying dawn and sleeping。正：He has no choice but to lie dawn and sleep。正：He can do noting but lie dawn and sleep。正：He has nothing to do but lie dawn and sleep。析：在这种句型中，but和except后用不定式，不用动名词。并且若句�
