新东方白易礼语法笔记-第14章
按键盘上方向键 ← 或 → 可快速上下翻页,按键盘上的 Enter 键可回到本书目录页,按键盘上方向键 ↑ 可回到本页顶部!
————未阅读完?加入书签已便下次继续阅读!
a。 hadn’t finished b。 didn’t have finished c。 couldn’t have finished d。 can’t have finished39。 If you ____ at school; you _____ a college student now。
a。 had studied hard; would have been b。 should have studied hard; should have been
c。 had studied hard; would be d。 would study hard; must have been40。 If only I ____ as young as you are!
a。 being b。 am c。 be d。 were
二、改错1。 I wish that it is true。答案:is 改为were2。 The doctor suggests that she will not smoke。答案:will 改为should; 或去掉will3。 She insists that they must give her a receipt。答案:must 改为should; 或去掉must4。 Bill wished that he is more interested in his work。答案:is改为were5。 He would be a good sportsman now if he trained regularly。答案:trained 前面加上had6。 I wish that somebody teaches me to sew。答案:teaches 改为taught7。 I wish that you saw the charming opera yesterday。答案:saw 改为had seen8。 This is not my dictionary。 If it is mine I will lend it to you。答案:第二句话改为If it were mine I would lend it to you。9。 If my watch were not slow yesterday; I would not have been late。答案:were not 改为 had not been10。 If she had worked hard enough; she would pass the English exam。答案:would pass 改为would have passed11。 If we could finish our work a little earlier today; we shall go to see the film。答案:shall 改为should12。 What would be happened; if there were no sun; air or water?答案:be happened 改为happen13。 Should the weather fine; we might go on a trip。答案:fine 前面加上be14。 If it were not rain tomorrow; they might went to the Great Wall。答案:rain 前面加上to; went 改为go15。 Long lives our motherland!答案:lives 改为live
七、非谓语动词Hello; everyone。 请看下面的翻译练习:1、我喜欢做饭。“ I like cooking。 ”
本句中,“like”(喜欢)是谓语。“cooking”(做饭)是宾语,用动名词形式。又如:“ He likes cooking。 ”在英语中。谓语动词经常随着主语的人称、数而变化,但动名词作宾语时是不变的。2、对我来说,学英语不容易。“ It' s not easy for me to learn English。”3、从太空看,地球是个蓝色的球体。 “Seen from the space; the earth is a blue sphere。”
请比较这些句子的中英文。在这几个汉语句子中,做饭、学英语、从太空看分别作句子的宾语、主语和状语,但是其动词形式“做”、“学”、“看”没有变化。而在这几句英语中,“做饭”变成了cooking; “学”变成了to learn,“看”变成了seen。 动词形式发生了变化,而且必须发生变化,因为这些句子有另外的谓语动词。因此这些动词叫做“非谓语动词”,又叫“非限定性动词”;他们没有人称和数的变化。这是英汉动词的巨大差别,也是中国人学英语的一个难点,同时也是在使用英语时容易犯错误的地方。需要特别注意的是:英语的单句一般只有而且必须有一个主谓结构,即一个谓语,如果单句中出现了另外的动词,这些动词就要改变形式。
以上英语句子中cooking; to learn; seen 等具有动词特征,但是在句子中不能作谓语的动词形式,就叫动词的非谓语形式,也叫非谓语动词。
我们再比较 “I like cooking。” 与 “He likes cooking。”这两句话主语不同,谓语动词like形式变了,但意义没有变化。而cooking 没有任何变化。再看 “It is not easy for me to learn English。” 和 “It is not easy for him to learn English。” “对我”for me; “对他”for him之后的 “to learn”没有任何变化。可以看出,非谓语动词是不随人称和数的变化而变化的,它们不受人称和数的限定,所以又叫“非限定动词”。
动词在句子中除了充当谓语外,还可以起名词、形容词或副词的作用,在句子中充当主语、宾语、表语、补语、定语和状语。这就是动词的非谓语形式。当句子中需要用某种动作作主语、宾语或作某种修饰、说明的成分时,就要使用这种形式。
动词的非谓语形式有三种:
(1)动词不定式:to study (to + 动词原形)
(2)分词:studying (现在分词)、studied (过去分词)
(3)动名词:studying (形式与现在分词相同)
动词非谓语形式仍具有动词的一般特征,可以带有宾语、状语等构成短语。
动词非谓语形式有以下几种形式变化(以write为例):
形态主动被动动词不定式一般To writeTo be written
进行To be writing
完成To have writtenTo have been written
完成进行To have been writing
现在分词和动名词一般WritingBeing written
完成Having writtenHaving been written
一般
written一、一、 动词不定式其形式是“to+动词原形”。 to是不定式符号,无词义。其否定式是在to前面加上not; never等否定词。 不定式可以有自己的逻辑主语,由for引出,加在不定式短语前面。
如果不定式的逻辑主语是表示不定式动作的承受者,则不定式用被动语态。所谓逻辑主语,就是指非谓语动词等动作的执行者。由于非谓语动词等带有动词的特征,但又不是谓语动词,所以这个动作的执行者就不能称为主语,而在逻辑上又是这个动作的执行者,所以就称为逻辑主语。
如果不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者,这个不定式一般要用被动语态。疑问词(who; whom; whose; what; which; when; where; why; how还包括whether)等后面加不定式构成不定式短语,可做主语,表语,宾语等。(一)作主语。 在不定式短语作主语的句子中,往往用 it 作形式主语,而不把不定式短语放在句子的后面。如:To die like that is a terrible thing。=It is a terrible thing to die like that。象那样死去是一件可怕的事。( it 作形式主语,把真正的主语to die like that放在后面)To know oneself is difficult。=It’s difficult to know oneself。有自知之明不容易。To tell a lie is not always easy。= It’s not always easy to tell a lie。撒谎并非总是容易。Never to offend anyone is my principle。 永远不得罪任何人就是我的原则。It’s against nature to remain single。 保持单身是违反自然的。To see is to believe。 ??眼见为实。For a dog to die like that is a terrible thing。 = It is a terrible thing for a dog to die like that。一条狗象那样死去是一件可怕的事。(for a dog是不定式的主语)For one to know everything is impossible。= It’s impossible for one to know everything。一个人什么都知道是不可能的。For his brother John to go to sea seems natural。= It seems natural for his brother John to go to sea。 他兄弟John去当水手是很自然的事。It’ll be a great shame for you to forget her。 你要是把她忘了,那可太不应该了。It’s not proper for us not to accept the invitation。 我们不接受邀请不合适。(否定)It has not yet been decided when and where to discuss her resignation。 何时何地讨论她的辞职还没定。但是,下列形容词做表语时,不定式的逻辑主语由 of 引出:careless粗心的,clever聪明的,cruel残忍的,foolish愚蠢的,good好的,kind好心的 ,naughty淘气的,nice好的,polite礼貌的,right正确的,rude无礼的 ,silly愚蠢的,stupid傻的,unwise不明智的,wise明智的,wrong错误的,等等。
为什么这些词要用 of 引出不定式呢?
因为这些形容词都是描写人的性格和特点的形容词。“It is + 形容词 +of sb + to do sth”这样的句型更强调某人如何如何,可以改写为:“Sb + be + 形容词 + to do sth。” 而“for sb to do sth”这一结构更强调做某事如何如何。例如:1、 It is difficult for me to learn English。 更强调学英语很难,不能写成?? I am difficult to learn English。 (这句话含有逻辑错误。)2、 It is unwise of you to go to the United States at this time。 =You are unwise to go to the United States at this time。 强调你不明智。
It’s very kind of you to e to see us off。 =You’re kind to e to see us off。 你来为我们送行太好了。
It’s unwise of him to drink and smoke so much。=He is unwise to drink and smoke so much。 他喝这么多酒、抽这么多烟是不明智的。
It’s extremely cruel of John to kill animals。 John杀害动物真是残忍之极。
It’s rude/polite of Jack to say this to her。 ?Jack对她说这个,很无礼/礼貌。
(二)作宾语及宾语补语。1、有些及物动词常用动词不定式作宾语。常见的这类动词有:afford负担得起,agree同意,arrange安排,ask要求,attempt试图,beg乞求,begin开始,choose选择,claim声称,consent同意,dare敢,decide决定,decline谢绝,desire欲想,demand要求,determine决心,expect期待,fail失败,forget忘记,hate讨厌,help帮助,hope希望,intend打算,learn学习,like喜欢,long渴望,manage设法,mean打算,need需要,offer主动提出,plan计划,prefer更喜欢,prepare准备,pretend假装,promise答应,refuse拒绝,remember记得,seek寻求,seem好像,tend倾向,threaten威胁,undertake承担,volunteer志愿,want想要,wish希望等。
I agreed to support him。 我答应支持他。
He said he wanted to be a professor。 他说他想当教授。
My daughter preferred to have eggs and milk for breakfast when she was in her twenties。
我女儿二十几岁时早饭喜欢吃鸡蛋和牛奶。
2、不定式可以和how; which; what; who; whom; whose; when; where还有whether等词连用作宾语。常跟这种结构作宾语的动词有:ask询问,advise建议,consider考虑,decide决定,discover发现,discuss讨论,explain解释,find out查明,forget忘记,inquir