20ÊÀ¼ÍÎ÷·½Î¨Ê¶Ñ§Ñо¿»Ø¹Ë-µÚ2ÕÂ
°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡
¬Ëû³ö°æÁËÎÞÖø¡¶Éã´ó³ËÂÛ¡·µÄÁ½¾íÒë±¾£¬¸ÃÂÛÔÚ¶«ÑÇ·ð½ÌÖÐÌرðÖØÒª£¬ËûÔÙÒ»´ÎʹÓÃÁËÖÐÎĺͲØÎı¾£¬ÒòΪԳõµÄèóÎı¾ÒѾ²»´«¡££§14£§ºóÀ´ËûתÈë·ð½ÌµÄÆäËüÁìÓò£§15£§£¬½«è¤Ù¤ÐÐÅɵÄÑо¿Áô¸øÁËÆäËüѧÕß¡£
¡¡¡¡1930Ä꣬Áåľ´ó×¾³ö°æÁËËûµÄ¡¶ÀãÙ¤¾Ñо¿¡·£§16£§£¬¼¸ÄêºóËûÓÖ³ö°æÁ˶ԸþµÄ·Òë¡££§17£§¡¡¾¡¹ÜËûÒÔìøµÄ¡°¾ø¶ÔΨÐÄÖ÷Ò塱Ϊ±ê×¼£¬ÔÚ¡¶ÀãÙ¤¾Ñо¿¡·ÖжÔè¤Ù¤ÐÐÅɽøÐÐÁËÑÏÀ÷Ö¸Ô𣬱§Ô¹Æä·ôdz£¬µ«ËûµÄÂÛÊöʹÎ÷·½¶ÁÕßÁ˽⵽°üº¬Ôڴ˾ÖеÄÐí¶àÖØÒªµÄè¤Ù¤ÐÐÅÉ·¶ÐÍ¡£ÏóÆÕÉÒ»Ñù£¬ËûµÄè¤Ù¤ÐÐÅÉÂÛÊöÔÚ¼¸´ú·ð½ÌѧÕßÖж¼ÊÇȨÍþ¡£ÀýÈ磬°®µÂ»ª¡¤¿××È£¨Edward¡¡Conze£©ÔÚ¡¶Ó¡¶È·ð½Ì˼Ïë¡·£¨Buddhist¡¡Thought¡¡in¡¡Indian£©ÖжÔè¤Ù¤ÐÐÅɵÄÂÛÊö£¬¼¸ºõ¾ÍÊÇÁåľµÄ·´Ïì¡££§18£§¡¡È»¶ø£¬µ±À©Õ¹ÎªÆÕ±éÐÔµÄÃèÊöʱ£¬ÁåľµÄ̬¶ÈÏÔʾ³öÇ¿ÁÒµÄÅɱðÐÔ£¬·Ç³£Í»³öµÄÊÇËûÃêÊÓÀúÊ·±³¾°£¬ºöÊÓ³¤´ï¼¸¸öÊÀ¼ÍµÄÕýͳè¤Ù¤ÐÐÅÉÓëÈçÀ´²Ø»ìѪ¼äµÄÕùÂÛ£¬¶øÕýÊǺóÕß¹¹³ÉÁËËûµÄÆ«¼û¡£
¡¡¡¡1938Ä꣬¿ËÀÈÊ˹¡¤ººÃܶû¶Ù£¨Clarence¡¡Hamilton£©ÓÃÖÐӢ˫Óï¶ÔÕÕµÄÐÎʽ
¡¡¡¡³ö°æÁËÐþÞÊËùÒëµÄÊÀÇס¶Î¨Ê¶¶þÊ®ÂÛ¡·¼°¿ú»ùµÄÊö¼Ç¡££§19£§
¡¡¡¡ÈýÊ®Äê´ú¡¶±çÖбßÂÛ¡·¿ªÊ¼µÃµ½ÈÏÕæµÄ¹Ø×¢¡£1936Ä꣬Ôç¾ÍÒÔÑо¿ÖÐÂۺͷð½ÌÂß¼Öø³ÆµÄÉá¶û°Í´Ä»ù£¨Theodor¡¡Stcherbatsky£©£¬²»ÉõÑϸñµØ½«¡¶±çÖбßÂÛ¡·µÄÍ·Á½Õ·Òë³ÉÓ¢ÎÄ¡££§20£§1937Ä긥ÀïµÂÂü£¨Friedman£©ÌṩÁËÒ»¸ö´øÓа²»Ý×¢Ê͵ġ¶±çÖбßÂÛ¡·Í·Á½ÕµľªÈËÒë±¾¡££§21£§±£ÂÞ¡¤°Â²¼À³¶÷£¨Pual¡¡O¡¯Brien£©·ÒëÁËÁíÍâÒ»Õ¡££§22£§ÕⲿÖø×÷ÏÖÔÚÒѾӵÓÐÒ»¸öÍêÕûµÄÒë±¾¡£ÍÐÂí˹¡¤¿ËÊéÃܶ٣¨Thomas¡¡Kochumuttom£©ÔÚËûµÄ¡¶·ð½ÌµÄ¾ÑéÂÛ¡·ÖзÒëÁ˵Ú1Õ£¬£§23£§²¢´óÁ¿²Î¿¼ÁË°²»ÝµÄ×¢ÊÍ¡£Ë¹µÙ·Ò¡¤°¢ÄÇ¿Ë£¨Stefan¡¡Anacher£©ÔÚËûµÄ²©Ê¿ÂÛÎIJ¿·ÖµØ·ÒëÁË¡¶±çÖбßÂÛ¡·£¨²¢¸½ÓÐÆäËüÁ½²¿µä¼®£©ºó£¬£§24£§ÓÚ1984Äê·ÒëÁËÈ«±¾µÄ¡¶±çÖбßÂÛ¡·£¬ÒÔ¼°ÎÞÖøµÄÆäËü6²¿Öø×÷£§25£§¡£µÂÈÝ£¨de¡¡Jong£©ÆÀÂÛµÀ£º°¢ÄÇ¿Ë¡°¡¶±çÖбßÂÛ¡·µÄÒëÎÄÊÇÄÑÒÔÖÃÐŵÄÔã¸â¡±£§26£§¡£ÓÉÓÚÕâÊÇÎ÷·½ÓïÑÔÖÐΨһµÄÍêÕûÒë±¾£¬Òò´ËʵÔڿɱ¯¡£Ë³±ãÌáÒ»¾ä£¬°²»Ý¶Ô´ËÂÛµÄ×¢ÊÍÊÇ·ð½ÌÕÜѧÎÄÏ×ÖÐ×î±»ºöÊÓµÄÕ䱦֮һ£¬¿°ÓëÔ³ÆÔÚÐÞ´ÇѧºÍÕÜѧÉϵľ«Õ¿æÇÃÀ¡£ÊÂʵÉÏ£¬°²»ÝµÄ·ç¸ñ¿ÉÄÜ»¹ÊÇÔ³ơ¶Öй۸ù±¾Ã÷¾äÂÛ¡·µÄÔÐÍ¡£ÕⲿÎÄÏ×¾ø¶ÔÐèÒªÒ»²¿ÉóÉ÷µÄÎ÷·½Òë±¾£¬ÒÔʹÆä»ñµÃÓ¦ÓеÄÑÏËà¶Ô´ý¡£
¡¡¡¡Éá¶û°Í´Ä»ùµÄѧÉúÅ·ÈÊ¡¤°Â²®ÃÜÀÕ£¨Eugene¡¡Obermiller£©¶Ôè¤Ù¤ÐÐÅÉÑо¿µÄ¹±Ï×£¬ÊÇËû¶Ô²Ø´«ÎÄÏ×ÖÐÓйØÎÞÖøÄÚÈݵĸÅÊö£¬ÌرðÊÇÔÚ°ãÈô²¨ÂÞÃ۶෽ÃæµÄ·ÒëºÍÑо¿¡££§27£§ÖìÈûÅ塤ͼÆ棨Giuseppe¡¡Tucci£©¶Ô·ð½ÌÂß¼ÎÄÏ׵ķÒëºÍ·ÖÎö£¬Ê¹ÓÃÁ˺ºÎļ°²ØÎÄ¡¢èóÎÄ×ÊÁÏ£§28£§£¬Ëû»¹Ñо¿ÁËÃÖÀÕºÍÎÞÖø£§29£§£¬±à¼ÁËÎÞÖø¶Ô¡¶½ð¸Õ¾¡·µÄ¼òҪעÊÍ¡££§30£§
¡¡¡¡µÂÈݶÔ1943¡1973Äê¼äµÄè¤Ù¤ÐÐÅÉÑо¿ÓÐÈçϵĸÅÀ¨£§31£§£º
¡¡¡¡Öйú·ð½Ìµä¼®Öб£ÁôÁËÔçÆÚè¤Ù¤ÐÐÅɵÄÖØÒª×ÊÁÏ¡£1954Ä꣬µÂÃ×άÀÕ£¨Pual¡¡Demieville£©ÔÚÂÛɮ٤ÂÞɲ֮¡¶è¤Ù¤Ê¦µØÂÛ¡·µÄ³¤ÆªÂÛÎÄÖÐÑо¿ÁËÕâЩ×ÊÁÏ¡££§32£§1947Ä꣬¸ê¿¨À³£¨V¡¡V¡¡Gokhale£©¹ØÓÚÎÞÖø¡¶´ó³Ë°¢Åþ´ïÄ¥¼¯ÂÛ¡·èóÎÄƬ¶ÏµÄ³ö°æ£¬Òý·¢Á˶Ôè¤Ù¤ÐÐÅÉÕâÒ»»ù±¾µÄ°¢Åþ´ïÄ¥Öø×÷µÄÉîÈëÑо¿¡££§33£§ÆÕÀ¹þµÂ¡¤ÆÕÀµ¤£¨Prahlad¡¡Pradhan£©½èÖúÐþÞʵÄÖÐÎÄÒë±¾£¬»Ö¸´ÁËÆäèóÎı¾£¨1950Ä꣩£¬£§34£§ÎÖ²¨À¡¤ÀºúÀ£¨Walpola¡¡Rahula£©½«ÆäÈ«²¿·ÒëΪ·¨ÎÄ£¨1971Ä꣩¡££§35£§µÂÃ×άÀÕ´ÓÖÐÎĵġ¶ÆÐÈøµØ³Ö¾¡·Òë³öÒ»Õ£¨1957Ä꣩£§36£§£¬¶ÅÌØ£¨Nalinaksha¡¡Dutt£©Ôò³ö°æÁ˴˾µÄа汾£¨1966Ä꣩£§37£§¡£ÑÇÀï¿Ë˹¡¤Î¤Âü£¨Alex¡¡Wayman£©³ö°æÁË¡¶ÉùÎŵØÖ®ÊÖ¸å·ÖÎö¡·£¨1961Ä꣩£§38£§£¬Í¬Ê±À¼²®ÌØ¡¤Ê©Ã×ÌØÐíÉ£¨Lambert¡¡Schmithausen£©¶Ô¡¶è¤Ù¤Ê¦µØÂÛ¡·¹ØÓÚÄù¡¡µÄÒ»¸öС½Ú×öÁ˷dz£³¹µ×µÄÑо¿£¨1969£©£§39£§¡ÑÅ¿Ë¡¤Ã·¶Ôè¤Ù¤ÐÐÅɵÄÀúÊ·ºÍ½ÌÒåÓнܳöµÄ¸ÅÀ¨£¨1971Ä꣩¡££§40£§
¡¡¡¡×¢Ò⣬ÕâһΪµÂÈÝÆÀÂÛΪ¡°½Ü³ö¸ÅÀ¨¡±µÄ÷µÄÖø×÷±êÌ⽫è¤Ù¤ÐÐÅɽâÊÍΪ¡°Î¨ÐÄÖ÷ÒåµÄ·ð½ÌÕÜѧ¡±¡£
¡¡¡¡ÉÏÃæÌáµ½µÄ°¢Äǿ˺ͿËÊéÃܶٶÔÊÀÇ×¼¸²¿ºËÐÄÖø×÷µÄ·Ò룬ÔÚ80Äê´úÖØÐÂȼÆðÁËÈËÃǶÔÊÀÇ×ÕÜѧµÄÐËȤ¡£ÔÚÕâһʱÆÚ£¬Óм¸¸öÉùÒôÈçΤÂüºÍèÃÊ·¸¥ÃÜ£¨UEDA¡¡Yoshifumi£©¿ªÊ¼Ïòè¤Ù¤ÐÐÅɼ´Î¨ÐÄÖ÷ÒåµÄ±êÇ©ÌôÕ½£¬¿ËÊéÃܶÙÒ²³ÖÓÐͬÑùµÄ¹Ûµã£¬¶øÇÒ×îΪ³Ö¾Ã¡£ÔÚÔçÆÚ¶Ô³ÂÄÇÈÏʶÂÛµÄһЩÑо¿ÖУ¬Ëû¾ÍÈÏΪÊÀÇ××îºÃ±»Àí½âΪÅúÅеÄʵÔÚÂÛÕߣ¬¾ÍÊÇ˵ÊÀÇ×µÄÈÏʶÂÛʹÓÃÁËһЩΨÐÄÖ÷ÒåʽµÄÂÛÊöÀàÐÍ£¬µ«Æäµ×²ãµÄ±¾ÌåÂÛÊÇʵÔÚÂ۵ġ£È»¶ø£¬Ðí¶àѧÕßÒ»Ö±²»Ôø´ÓΨÐÄÖ÷ÒåµÄ½â¶ÁÖнâ·Å³öÀ´¡£
¡¡¡¡Èý£¬Í£ÖÍ£¬»¹ÊÇתÈëµØÏ£¿
¡¡¡¡ÔÚÕâÖ®ºó£¬è¤Ù¤ÐÐÅÉÑо¿ÔÚijÖÖÒâÒåÉÏ˵תÈëÁË¡°µØÏ¡±£¬»òÕß˵¸üÑϽ÷ÁË£¬½ÏÉÙÓÐÖØÒªµÄè¤Ù¤ÐÐÅÉÖø×÷ºÍÂÛÎijöÏÖ¡£¾¡¹ÜÈç´Ë£¬Ñ§Õ߶Ôè¤Ù¤ÐÐÅɵÄÐËȤÒÀÈ»ºÜ¸ß¡£70Äê´úÄ©ÒÔÀ´£¬ÓÐÈô¸ÉÓÅÐãµÄè¤Ù¤ÐÐÅɲ©Ê¿ÂÛÎijöÏÖ£¬µ«ËüÃÇ»ù±¾ÉÏûÓгö°æ¡£»òÐíÓÉÓÚ½ü¼¸Ê®ÄêÀ´ÃÀ¹ú·ð½ÌÑо¿¸øÓèè¤Ù¤ÐÐÅɵĹØע̫ÉÙ£¬Ðí¶à×öè¤Ù¤ÐÐÅɲ©Ê¿ÂÛÎĵÄÑо¿ÉúÒ»Ù¹±ÏÒµ±ãתÏò·ð½ÌµÄÆäËü·½Ã档ʮ·Ö¿É±¯µÄÊÇ£¬ÄÇЩ¼á³Öè¤Ù¤ÐÐÅÉÑо¿µÄѧÕßÔÚ·ð½ÌѧÊõȦÖÐÖð½¥Ã»Âä¡£ÔÚ·ð½ÌÑо¿ÏîÄ¿ºÍÈȵãÖУ¬ÓйØÎ÷²Ø·ð½Ì¡¢ìø¡¢º«¹ú·ð½ÌµÈ·½ÃæµÄר¼Ò£¬¶ø²»ÊÇè¤Ù¤ÐÐÅÉÕßÕ¼¾ÝÁË×î¸ßµÄλÖá£Ñ§Êõ½ç²¿·ÖµØתÏò·´¶ÔËùνµÄ¾«Ó¢Ö÷ÒåºÍÕÜѧµÄ×Ô¸º£¬¶øÇãÏòÓÃÉç»á¿ÆѧºÍÀúʷѧµÄ·½·¨£¬ÔöÇ¿¶Ô×ڽ̵ĸüͨË×ÐÎʽºÍÉç»áѧ½âÊ͵ĹØ×¢¡£è¤Ù¤ÐÐÅÉ×÷Ϊ·ð½ÌÖм«Æ临ÔÓ¡¢·±ËöºÍÕÜѧÐÔµÄÁ÷ÅÉ£¬Ã»ÓлîÆøÐÐԵļ´Ê±±íÏÖ£¬ºÜÉÙÓÐÁ÷Ðеġ¢Éõ»òнüµÄ¡°Í¨Ëס±ÐÎʽ£¬Òò´Ë×ÔȻʧ³è¡£
¡¡¡¡ÔÚÖÚ¶àµÄè¤Ù¤ÐÐÅɲ©Ê¿ÂÛÎÄÖУ¬ÓÐЩֵµÃÁôÒâ¡£°¢Äǿ˵ÄÖø×÷×îÔç¾ÍÊÇËûµÄ²©Ê¿ÂÛÎÄ¡£Ê©Ã×ÌØÐíÉÂÛÊöè¤Ù¤ÐÐÅɵľÍÖ°ÂÛÎÄһֱûÓгö°æ£¬µ«ÊÇËû¶ÔÓйذ¢ÀµÒ®Ê¶¾µäÎÄÏ×µÄÈ«Ã濼²ì£¬ÁôÏÂÁ˶Ôè¤Ù¤ÐÐÅÉÕâÒ»»ù±¾¸ÅÄîµÄ×î³¹µ×µÄÌÖÂÛ¡££§41£§Ô¼º²¡¤±«¶û˹£¨John¡¡Powers£©´Ó²ØÎÄ·ÒëÁË¡¶½âÉîÃܾ¡·£¬²¢Éè·¨´ÓÖÐд³öÁ˼¸²¿Öø×÷£ºÒ»±¾ÊÇ·Òë±¾Éí£¬Ò»±¾ÊÇè¤Ù¤ÐÐÅɵÄÎÄÏ×Ë÷Òý£¬Ò»±¾ÊÇ·ÖÎö×ÛÊö£¬»¹ÓÐÒ»²¿ÓйØÎ÷²ØÎÄÏ×µÄÆÀÂÛ¡££§42£§±£ÂÞ¡¤¸ñÀï·Æ˹£¨Paul¡¡Griffiths£©¹ØÓÚÃ𾡶¨µÄ²©Ê¿ÂÛÎijö°æÓÚ1986Äê¡££§43£§ÔÚ¿ã¹ÈÏÜÕÑ£¨HAKAMAYA¡¡Noriaki£©×÷·ÃÎÊѧÕßµÄʱºò£¬Íþ˹¿µÐÁ¡ÂüµÂÉ´óѧ¿ªÉèÁËÒ»¸öÑÐÌְ࣬·ÒëÁË¡¶Éã´ó³ËÂÛ¡·µÄµÚ10Õ£¬¸½ÓвØÎÄ°æÓëÖÐÎÄ°æµÄ¶Ô±ÈÒëÎĺͲ¿·Ö×¢ÊÍ¡££§44£§
¡¡¡¡ÔÚûÓгö°æµÄ²©Ê¿ÂÛÎÄÖУ¬ÒÔϼ¸²¿ÖµµÃ×¢Òâ¡£Ô¼º²¡¤»ùÄÏ£¨John¡¡Keenan£©µÄÂÛÎÄÊÇ¡¶·ðµØÂÛÑо¿£ºè¤Ù¤Ë¼ÏëÖÐÖǸÅÄîÔÚ½ÌÒåÖеķ¢Õ¹¡·¡¡£§45£§£¬ÓйØ×ÊÁÏÒë×ÔÐþÞʵÄÖÐÎı¾¡£»ùÄÏ»¹³ö°æÁËÆäËüÓйØè¤Ù¤ÐÐÅɵÄÖø×÷¡££§46£§ÓйØΨʶ˼Ïë·¢Õ¹µÄ×îºÃµÄ¿¼²ìÖ®Ò»ÊÇÂÞÄɵ¡¤´÷άɣ¨Ronald¡¡Davidson£©µÄ¡¶·ð½ÌµÄת±äϵͳ£ºè¤Ù¤ÐÐÅɵÄתÒÀ¡·¡££§47£§°¬Âס¤Ë¹Å󲮸ñ£¨Alan¡¡Sponberg£©µÄ²©Ê¿ÂÛÎĶԿú»ùµÄÉúƽÓëÖø×÷×÷ÁËÈ«ÃæµÄ¿¼²ì£¬°üÀ¨¶Ô¡¶´ó³Ë·¨Ô·ÒåÁÖÕ¡·¾íÈý¡°ÂÛΨʶ¡±µÄ·Òë¡££§48£§ËäȻ˹̹Àû¡¤ÎÂ˹̹£¨Stanley¡¡Weinstein£©ÒѾ³ö°æÁËÓйؿú»ùµÄ½öÓеļ¸²¿Ó¢ÎÄÖø×÷Ö®Ò»£§49£§£¬µ«ËûµÄ²©Ê¿ÂÛÎĶÔÁ¼±éÉ®¶¼£¨Ryohen¡Sozu£©¡¶¹ÛÐľõÃγ¡·£¨Kanjin¡¡Kakumusho£©Õⲿ¿ª´´ÐÔµÄÈÕ±¾è¤Ù¤ÐÐÅÉÖø×÷µÄ·ÒëһֱûÓгö°æ¡££§50£§À³Ë¹Àû¡¤¿¨ÍßÄÂÀ£¨Leslie¡¡Kawamura£©ÔÚ˶ʿÂÛÎÄÖзÒëÁË¡¶Î¨Ê¶ÈýÊ®ËÌ¡·°²»ÝµÄÂÛÊÍ£§51£§£¬ÔÚ²©Ê¿ÂÛÎÄÖзÒëÁ˵÷·üÌìµÄÂÛÊÍ¡££§52£§¿¨ÍßÄÂÀ»¹ÒÔÏþ°×µÄÓ¢Óï³ö°æÁË×îÖØÒªµÄÈÕ±¾è¤Ù¤ÐÐÅÉѧÕß³¤Î²ÑÅÈË£¨NAGAO¡¡Gadjin£©µÄÖø×÷¡££§53£§ÂÞ²®ÌØ¡¤¼ªÂóÂÞ£¨Robert¡¡Gmelllo£©¹ØÓÚ»ªÑÏ×Ú´´Ê¼ÈËÖÇÙ²µÄÖø×÷£¬ÊÇÓйØ6ÖÁ7ÊÀ¼ÍÖйú·ð½ÌÊ·×îºÃµÄÓ¢ÎÄÖø×÷Ö®Ò»£¨¿ÉϧûÓгö°æ£©¡££§54£§¡¡ÕâÒ»ÂÛÎÄËäÈ»ÔÚ±íÃæÉÏÊÇÂÛÊö»ªÑÏ£¬µ«ÈçÇ°ËùÊö£¬ÔÚÕâһʱÆÚ£¬»ªÑÏÊÇΨʶÕùÂÛµÄδ²£¬¼ªÂóÂÞÁîÈËÇÕÅåµØº¬¸ÇÁËÕâЩ¡£¶ÔÖÐÎÄÓï¾³ÖеÄΨʶÕùÂÛ£¬ÓÐÀàËÆÒâÒåµÄ£¬»¹ÓÐÁõÃ÷Î飨Ming¡wood¡¡Liu£©¹ØÓÚ»ªÑÏ×ÚµÄÁíһλ´´Ê¼ÈË·¨²ØµÄÂÛÎÄ¡££§55£§ÁÖÕò¹ú¶Ô¡¶½âÉîÃܾ¡·µÄÑо¿ºÍ²¿·Ö·Ò룬ʹÓÃÁËÖÐÎÄÒë±¾£¬Ìá³öÁËÓйطð½ÌÚ¹ÊÍѧµÄÖØÒªÎÊÌâ¡££§56£§ÎÒ×Ô¼ºµÄÂÛÎÄÊǼ´½«³ö°æµÄÕⲿÖø×÷µÄÅßÌ¥£º¡¶·ð½ÌÏÖÏóѧ¡ª¡ªÎ¨Ê¶·ð½ÌµÄÕÜѧ¿¼²ìÓë¡´³ÉΨʶÂÛ¡µ¡·£¨Curzon¡¡Press£©¡£ÎÒΪ¡¶ÀÍÌØÀûÆ棨Routledge£©ÕÜѧ°Ù¿ÆÈ«Ê顷׫дµÄ¡°Î¨Ê¶¡±ÌõÄ¿£¬ÔòÌṩÁËÁíÍâÒ»ÖÖΨÐÄÖ÷ÒåµÄ½âÊÍ¡£
¡¡¡¡ÔÚÕâһʱÆÚ£¬²¢·ÇÓɲ©Ê¿ÂÛÎÄÅÉÉú³öµÄÖø×÷°üÀ¨£º´÷°²ÄÈ¡¤±£ÂÞ£¨Diana¡¡Paul£©¶ÔÕæÚС¶×ªÊ¶ÂÛ¡·Ñо¿ºÍ·Ò룬Õⲿ¶Ô¡¶Î¨Ê¶ÈýÊ®ËÌ¡·µÄ·Ò룬ÉîÉîµØÑÍûÔÚÆÀÂÛÐÔµÄ×¢Ê͵±ÖС££§57£§ËýÔÚÀúÊ·ºÍÕÜѧÓï¾³Éϵij¢ÊÔÓÐÑÏÖصÄȱÏÝ£¬ËýµÄÒëÎÄÎó¶ÁÁË¡¶Î¨Ê¶ÈýÊ®ËÌ¡·µÄ¶à¸ö²¿·Ö¡££§58£§¿¨Â³ÅÁ¹þÄÇ£¨Kalupahana£©ÌṩÁ˶ÔÊÀÇ×µÄÂÛÊö£¬µ«ÌýÆðÀ´¸üÏóÊÇÍþÁ®¡¤Õ²Ä·Ë¹£¨William¡¡James£©£¬¶ø²»ÊÇΨʶ¡££§59£§¡¡²éÌؼª£¨K¡£N¡£Chatterjee£©³ö°æµÄ¶Ô¡¶Î¨Ê¶¶þÊ®ÂÛ¡·ºÍ¡¶Î¨Ê¶ÈýÊ®ËÌ¡·µÄ·ÒëÊÇÓÐÒÉÎʵģ§60£§£¬ÏĶûÂí£¨T¡£R¡£Sharma£©¶Ô¡¶Î¨Ê¶¶þÊ®ÂÛ¡·µÄ·ÒëÂÔ΢×Ðϸ£¬µ«Í¬ÑùÓÐÎÊÌâ¡££§61£§ÍÐÂí˹¡¤ÎéµÂ£¨Thomas¡¡Wood£©×öÁËÓ¸Ҷø»ìÂÒµÄŬÁ¦£¬³ö°æÁË·ÒëºÍ·ÖÎöΨʶÎÄÏ׵ļ¯×Ó¡££§62£§×îÖÕ£¬Ë¹ÍßµÒ¡¤¸Ê¹ÅÀû£¨Swati¡¡Ganguly£©ÌṩÁËÒ»¸ö¡¶³ÉΨʶÂÛ¡·µÄ½ÚÂÔ·Ò룬½áºÏÁËÐþÞÊÔÚΨʶÈýÊ®ËÌ·Ò룧63£§ÖеÄÆÀÂÛ¡£
¡¡¡¡ÎÒûÓÐ×ÐϸÌÖÂÛÎ÷·½¶ÔÔ´ÓÚ²ØÎÄ×ÊÁϵÄÑо¿£¬ÈçΤÂü£¨Wayman£©£§64£§¡¢¿¨¼ªÑÇÂ꣨Kajiyama£©£§65£§¡¢Ëþ×È£¨Tatz£©¡¢£§66£§¸Ôɪ£¨Guenther£©£§67£§µÈµÈ¡££§68£§¼ÓÀ×˹¡¤Ë¹°ÍººÄ·£¨Gareth¡¡Sparham£©µÄ¡¶ÐÛ±çÖ®º£¡·£¬·ÒëÁË×Ú¿¦°Í¶ÔΨʶµÄÌÖÂÛ£¬ÊÇÓмÛÖµµÄ£§69£§£¬½üÀ´£¬½Ü¸¥À»ô²¼½ð˹£¨Jeffrey¡¡Hopkins£©·¢±íÁËÁ½²¿Öø×÷ÖеÄÒ»²¿£¬È«ÃæÉæ¼°µ½×Ú¿¦°ÍºÍΨʶÔÚÎ÷²ØµÄ´«Òë¡££§70£§ÏÖÔÚÎ÷·½Ñ§Õß¿ªÊ¼³¬³öµ¥Ò»µÄ¸ñ³°ÍÅÉ£¬¶ø°ÑÑÛ¹âÀ©Õ¹µ½Î÷²Ø·ð½ÌÆäËû×ÚÅÉ£¬ÈçÄþÂêÅɵȣ¬ÔÚÕâЩ×ÚÅÉÖУ¬Î¨Ê¶ºÍºº´«Î¨Ê¶µÄÓ°Ïì¸üΪÆձ飬ÎÒÃÇÒ²ÆÚÍûÓиü¶àµÄÈËÀ´¹ØעΨʶ¡£
¡¡¡¡×îºóÐèҪ˵Ã÷µÄÊÇ£¬ÈýÄêÇ°ÎÒ³ÉΪÃÀ¹ú×Ú½Ìѧ»áè¤Ù¤ÐÐÅÉרÌâС×éµÄ³ÉÔ±¡£Õâ¸öС×éµÃµ½µÄ·´ÏìÁîÎÒÃDz»ÖªËù´ë£¬ÔÚÇÇ¡¤Íþ¶ûÑ·£¨Joe¡¡Wilson£©ºÍ²é¿Ë¡¤ÂíÀÕ£¨Chuck¡¡Muller£©µÄÖ÷³ÖÏ£¬ÎÒÃÇ×é³ÉÁËè¤Ù¤ÐÐÅÉÑÐÌÖ×飬ÔÚÿÄêµÄÃÀ¹ú×Ú½Ìѧ»á£¨AAR£©Äê»áÉÏ¿ª»á¡£Õâ¸öÑÐÌÖ×éÓÐÒ»¸öÍøÒ³£§71£§£¬ÉÏÃæÓз¢²¼µÄÂÛÎĺ͵ç×ÓÓʼþÌÖÂÛµÄÃûµ¥£¬Õâ¸öÍøÒ³Æù½ñÔË×÷µÄÔ¶²»ÄÜ˵¹æ·¶£¬µ«Ò»Ö±³äÂúÏ£Íû¡£ÁîÈ˾ªÒìµÄÊǺܶàÈ˶¼±í´ïÁ˲μÓÕâÒ»ÑÐÌÖ×éµÄÇ¿ÁÒÐËȤ¡£ÁíÍâʹÎÒÃÇÐ˷ܵÄÊÇ£¬Ò»Åú´«Í³ÉÏÊÇ·ð½ÌÂ߼רҵµÄ¼´½«´ÓÑо¿ÉúÔº±ÏÒµµÄÇàÄêѧÕߣ¬¿´µ½ÁËËûÃÇËùÑо¿¶ÔÏóµÄè¤Ù¤ÐÐÅÉÌØÐÔ¡£ÁîÈËÀ§»óµÄÊÇijЩÑÐÌÖ×é³ÉÔ±¶Ô°¢Åþ´ïÄ¥µÄµÖÖÆ¡£Ò»¾ä»°£¬ÎÒÃǶÔè¤Ù¤ÐÐÅÉÑо¿ÔÚ21ÊÀ¼ÍµÄ·±ÈÙ³äÂúÏ£Íû¡£
¡¡¡¡£¨ÎºµÂ¶«Ò룩
¡¡¡¡£§1£§¡¡Ïê¼ûµÂÈݵġ¶Å·ÃÀ·ð½ÌÑо¿¼òÊ·¡·£¬¶«¾©1997Äê°æ¡¡£¨de¡¡Jong£º¡¡A¡¡Brief¡¡History¡¡of¡¡Buddhist¡¡St