英语复习指南-第2章
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自主人所拥有的,是要求一个人对自己的行为负责并因其业绩而给予肯定的必不可少的前提。科学的分析把责任和成绩都归于环境,同时对有关的“价值观”提出了质疑:技术使用者是谁和使用的目的是什么。(5) (如果)这些问题得不到解决,研究行为的技术手段就会继续受到排斥,解决问题的唯一方式可能也随之继续受到排斥。
●Exercise (选自于2001年考研英语英译汉真题。)
In less than 30 years’ time the Star Trek holodeck will be a reality。 Direct links between the brain’s nervous system and a computer will also create full sensory virtual environments; allowing virtual vacations like those in the film Total Recall。
(1) There will be television chat shows hosted by robots; and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend。 (2) Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips; computers with inbuilt personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools; relaxation will be in front of smelltelevision; and digital age will have arrived。
According to BT’s futurologist; Ian Pearson; these are among the developments scheduled for the first few decades of the new millennium (a period of 1;000 years); when supercomputers will dramatically accelerate progress in all areas of life。
(3) Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place。 Some of the biggest developments will be in medicine; including an extended life expectancy and dozens of artificial organs coming into use between now and 2040。
Pearson also predicts a breakthrough in computerhuman links。“By linking directly to our nervous system; computers could pick up what we feel and; hopefully; simulate feeling too so that we can start to develop full sensory environments; rather like the holidays in Total Recall or the Star Trek holodeck;”he says。 (4) But that; Pearson points out; is only the start of manmachine integration:“It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century。”
Through his research; Pearson is able to put dates to most of the breakthroughs that can be predicted。 However; there are still no forecasts for when fasterthanlight travel will be available; or when human cloning will be perfected; or when time travel will be possible。 But he does expect social problems as a result of technological advances。 A boom in neighborhood surveillance cameras will; for example; cause problems in 2010; while the arrival of synthetic lifelike robots will mean people may not be able to distinguish between their human friends and the druids; (5) And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder ——kitchen rage。
参考译文
“星球旅行”太空平台再过不到30年将成为现实。大脑神经系统与计算机的直接连接也将创造出全方位感官上的虚拟环境,使得虚拟度假和电影“多面回想”中的度假一模一样。
(1) 届时,将出现由机器人主持的电视谈话节目以及装有污染监控器的汽车,一旦这些汽车排污超标(违规),监控器就会使其停驶。(2) 儿童将与装有个性化芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍,具有个性内置的计算机将被视为工作伙伴而不是工具,人们将在气味电视机前休闲,届时数字化时代就来到了。
英国电讯公司的未来学家伊恩·皮尔逊认为,上述成果只是新千年最初几十年内开发的部分项目。届时超级计算机将大大加快人类生活各个领域里的进步。
(3) 皮尔逊汇集世界各地数百位研究人员的成果,编制了一个独特的新技术千年历。它列出了人们有望看到数百项重大突破和发现的最晚日期。一些最重大的突破将会发生在医学中,其中包括从现在到2040年间延长人的预期寿命和将投入使用的几十种人造器官。
皮尔逊还预言了各种人机连接的突破。通过直接与我们的神经系统相连接,电脑能够了解到我们的感情并且有望激发我们的情感。我们就能着手开发全方位感官上的环境,与电影“多面回想”或“星球旅行”太空平台中的度假十分相似。(4) 但皮尔逊指出,这个突破仅仅是人机一体化的开始:“它是人机一体化漫长之路的第一步,最终会使人们在下世纪末之前就研制出完全电子化的仿真人。”
经过研究,皮尔逊确定可以预测到的大多数突破的日期,却无法预测快于光速的旅行何时到来,或何时将完成克隆人,或何时可以实现遨游过去或将来的时间旅行。但是皮尔逊确实预料到技术进步所引起的社会问题。例如,在2010年,邻里电子监控摄像机的快速推广将引起许多社会问题,而仿真人造机器人也将问世,人们可能无法把自己的真人朋友和这类机器人区别开来。(5) 家用电器将会变得如此智能化,以至于控制和操作它们会引发一种新的心理疾病——厨房狂躁症。
●Exercise (选自于2000年考研英语英译汉真题。)
Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community。 (1) Under modern conditions; this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts。 (2) Furthermore; it is obvious that the strength of a country’s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry; and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds。 It also means that governments are increasingly compelled to interfere in these sectors in order to step up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best advantage。 For example; they may encourage research in various ways; including the setting up of their own research centers; they may alter the structure of education; or interfere in order to reduce the wastage of natural resources or tap resources hitherto unexploited; or they may cooperate directly in the growing number of international projects related to science; economics and industry。 In any case; all such interventions are heavily dependent on scientific advice and also scientific and technological manpower of all kinds。
(3) Owing to the remarkable development in masscommunications; people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas; while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above。 At the same time; the normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerated speed compared with the past。 For Example; (4) In the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization——with all the farreaching changes in social patterns that followed——was spread over nearly a century; whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so。 All this has the effect of building up unusual pressures and tensions within the community and consequently presents serious problems for the governments concerned。 (5) Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements——themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport。 As a result of all these factors; governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting them into effect。参参考译文
世界各国政府在采取措施时都认为,其公民的幸福主要取决于社会的经济实力和财富。(1) 在现代条件下,这需要程度不同的中央控制,从而就需要获得诸如经济学和运筹学等领域专家的协助。(2) 再者,显而易见的是一个国家的经济实力与其工业生产效率密切相关,而效率的提高又有赖于各种科技人员的努力。换言之,各国政府得越来越多地干预这些部门,以便提高产量并确保产品会得到最好的利用。例如,政府可以用各种方法来鼓励研究,其中包括建立自己的研究中心。政府可以改革教育结构,或干预来减少自然资源的消耗量、开发迄今未被利用的资源;或者政府可以在日益增加的与科学、经济学和工业有关的项目中直接进行协作。总之,所有这些政府干预主要有赖于科学方面的咨询和各种类型的科技人才。
(3) 大众通讯的显著发展使各地的人们不断感到有新的需求,不断接触到新的习俗和思想,由于上述原因,政府常常得推出更多的革新。同时,全世界的正常的社会变革速度与过去相比大大加快了。(4)在先期实现工业化的欧洲国家中,其工业化进程以及随之而来的各种深刻的社会结构变革,持续了大约一世纪之久,而如今一个发展中国家在10年左右就可能完成这个过程。所有这一切额外地增加了社会内部的压力和紧张关系,因而也给有关的政府提出了许多严峻的挑战。(5) 由于人口猛增或大量人口流动(现代交通�