the water-babies-第10章
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that anatomy or chemistry … who talk about 〃cannot exist；〃 and 〃contrary to nature。〃 Wise men are afraid to say that there is anything contrary to nature； except what is contrary to mathematical truth； for two and two cannot make five； and two straight lines cannot join twice； and a part cannot be as great as the whole； and so on （at least； so it seems at present）： but the wiser men are； the less they talk about 〃cannot。〃 That is a very rash； dangerous word； that 〃cannot〃； and if people use it too often； the Queen of all the Fairies； who makes the clouds thunder and the fleas bite； and takes just as much trouble about one as about the other； is apt to astonish them suddenly by showing them； that though they say she cannot； yet she can； and what is more； will； whether they approve or not。
And therefore it is； that there are dozens and hundreds of things in the world which we should certainly have said were contrary to nature； if we did not see them going on under our eyes all day long。 If people had never seen little seeds grow into great plants and trees； of quite different shape from themselves； and these trees again produce fresh seeds； to grow into fresh trees； they would have said； 〃The thing cannot be； it is contrary to nature。〃 And they would have been quite as right in saying so； as in saying that most other things cannot be。
Or suppose again； that you had come； like M。 Du Chaillu； a traveller from unknown parts； and that no human being had ever seen or heard of an elephant。 And suppose that you described him to people； and said； 〃This is the shape； and plan； and anatomy of the beast； and of his feet； and of his trunk； and of his grinders； and of his tusks； though they are not tusks at all； but two fore teeth run mad； and this is the section of his skull； more like a mushroom than a reasonable skull of a reasonable or unreasonable beast； and so forth； and so forth； and though the beast （which I assure you I have seen and shot） is first cousin to the little hairy coney of Scripture； second cousin to a pig； and （I suspect） thirteenth or fourteenth cousin to a rabbit； yet he is the wisest of all beasts； and can do everything save read； write； and cast accounts。〃 People would surely have said； 〃Nonsense； your elephant is contrary to nature；〃 and have thought you were telling stories … as the French thought of Le Vaillant when he came back to Paris and said that he had shot a giraffe； and as the king of the Cannibal Islands thought of the English sailor； when he said that in his country water turned to marble； and rain fell as feathers。 They would tell you； the more they knew of science； 〃Your elephant is an impossible monster； contrary to the laws of comparative anatomy； as far as yet known。〃 To which you would answer the less； the more you thought。
Did not learned men； too； hold； till within the last twenty…five years； that a flying dragon was an impossible monster？ And do we not now know that there are hundreds of them found fossil up and down the world？ People call them Pterodactyles： but that is only because they are ashamed to call them flying dragons； after denying so long that flying dragons could exist。
The truth is； that folks' fancy that such and such things cannot be； simply because they have not seen them； is worth no more than a savage's fancy that there cannot be such a thing as a locomotive； because he never saw one running wild in the forest。 Wise men know that their business is to examine what is； and not to settle what is not。 They know that there are elephants； they know that there have been flying dragons； and the wiser they are； the less inclined they will be to say positively that there are no water…babies。
No water…babies； indeed？ Why； wise men of old said that everything on earth had its double in the water； and you may see that that is； if not quite true； still quite as true as most other theories which you are likely to hear for many a day。 There are land…babies … then why not water…babies？ ARE THERE NOT WATER…RATS； WATER…FLIES； WATER…CRICKETS； WATER…CRABS； WATER…TORTOISES； WATER…SCORPIONS； WATER…TIGERS AND WATER…HOGS； WATER…CATS AND WATER…DOGS； SEA…LIONS AND SEA…BEARS； SEA…HORSES AND SEA…ELEPHANTS； SEA…MICE AND SEA… URCHINS； SEA…RAZORS AND SEA…PENS； SEA…COMBS AND SEA…FANS； AND OF PLANTS； ARE THERE NOT WATER…GRASS； AND WATER…CROWFOOT； WATER… MILFOIL； AND SO ON； WITHOUT END？
〃But all these things are only nicknames； the water things are not really akin to the land things。〃
That's not always true。 They are； in millions of cases； not only of the same family； but actually the same individual creatures。 Do not even you know that a green drake； and an alder…fly； and a dragon…fly； live under water till they change their skins； just as Tom changed his？ And if a water animal can continually change into a land animal； why should not a land animal sometimes change into a water animal？ Don't be put down by any of Cousin Cramchild's arguments； but stand up to him like a man； and answer him （quite respectfully； of course） thus：…
If Cousin Cramchild says； that if there are water…babies； they must grow into water…men； ask him how he knows that they do not？ and then； how he knows that they must； any more than the Proteus of the Adelsberg caverns grows into a perfect newt。
If he says that it is too strange a transformation for a land…baby to turn into a water…baby； ask him if he ever heard of the transformation of Syllis； or the Distomas； or the common jelly… fish； of which M。 Quatrefages says excellently well … 〃Who would not exclaim that a miracle had come to pass； if he saw a reptile come out of the egg dropped by the hen in his poultry…yard； and the reptile give birth at once to an indefinite number of fishes and birds？ Yet the history of the jelly…fish is quite as wonderful as that would be。〃 Ask him if he knows about all this； and if he does not； tell him to go and look for himself； and advise him （very respectfully； of course） to settle no more what strange things cannot happen； till he has seen what strange things do happen every day。
If he says that things cannot degrade； that is； change downwards into lower forms； ask him； who told him that water…babies were lower than land…babies？ But even if they were； does he know about the strange degradation of the common goose…barnacles； which one finds sticking on ships' bottoms； or the still stranger degradation of some cousins of theirs； of which one hardly likes to talk； so shocking and ugly it is？
And； lastly； if he says （as he most certainly will） that these transformations only take place in the lower animals； and not in the higher； say that that seems to little boys； and to some grown people； a very strange fancy。 For if the changes of the lower animals are so wonderful； and so difficult to discover； why should not there be changes in the higher animals far more wonderful； and far more difficult to discover？ And may not man； the crown and flower of all things； undergo some change as much more wonderful than all the rest； as the Great Exhibition is more wonderful than a rabbit…burrow？ Let him answer that。 And if he says （as he will） that not having seen such a change in his experience； he is not bound to believe it； ask him respectfully； where his microscope has been？ Does not each of us； in coming into this world； go through a transformation just as wonderful as that of a sea…egg； or a butterfly？ and do not reason and analogy； as well as Scripture； tell us that that transformation is not the last？ and that； though what we shall be； we know not； yet we are here but as the crawling caterpillar； and shall be hereafter as the perfect fly。 The old Greeks； heathens as they were； saw as much as that two thousand years ago； and I care very little for Cousin Cramchild； if he sees even less than they。 And so forth； and so forth； till he is quite cross。 And then tell him that if there are no water…babies； at least there ought to be； and that； at least； he cannot answer。
And meanwhile； my dear little man； till you know a great deal more about nature than Professor Owen and Professor Huxley put together； don't tell me about what cannot be； or fancy that anything is too wonderful to be true。 〃We are fearfully and
