political economy-第32章
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e。 In common tillage； corn increases five…fold in the course of a year； potatoes ten…fold in the same space of time。 The latter vegetable； to produce a given quantity of food； scarcely requires the tenth part of the ground which corn would occupy。 Yet even in the most populous countries； men are very far from having planted all their corn fields with potatoes； from having sown all their pasturages with corn； from having converted into pasturage all their woods； all their deserts abandoned to hunting。 Those things are a fund of reserve remaining to every nation； and； by means of them； if a new demand for labour should suddenly cause the population to increase as rapidly as the nature of man can permit； the multiplication of food would still precede it。 The demand for labour which the capital of a country can pay； and not the quantity of food which that country can produce； regulates the population。 In political economy； nothing is reckoned a demand but what is accompanied with a sufficient compensation for the thing demanded。 If no fault has been committed on the part of government； if no dangerous prejudice has been diffused among the people； very few men will think of marrying； and burdening their hands with the subsistence of individuals unable to procure it themselves； till they have first acquired an establishment。 But whenever a new demand for labour raises their wages； and thus increases their revenue； they hasten to satisfy one of the first laws of nature； and seek in marriage a new source of happiness。 If the rise of wages was but momentary； if； for example； the favours granted by government suddenly give a great development to a species of manufacture； which； after its commencement； cannot be maintained； the workmen； whose remuneration was double during some time； will all have married to profit by their opulence； and then； at the moment when their trade declines； families disproportionate to the actual demand of labour will be plunged into the most dreadful wretchedness。 It is those variations in the demand for labour； this sort of revolution so frequent in the lives of poor artisans； that gives to the state a superabundant population。 Already brought into the world； that population finds no longer any room to exist there； it is always ready to be satisfied with the lowest terms on which it may be permitted to live。 There is no condition so hard that men are not found ready to engage in it voluntarily。 In some trades； the workmen are obliged to live in mud； exposed to continual nausea； in others； the labour engenders painful and inevitable maladies； several stupify the senses； degrade the body and the soul； several employ none but children； and after introducing into life； abandon to a horrible indigence the being they have formed。 There are callings； in fine； which public opinion brands with infamy； there are some which deserve this condemnation。 Yet the ranks are always full； and a miserable wage； scarce sufficient for existence； induces men； to undergo so many evils。 The reason is； society does not leave them any choice； they are compelled to be contented with this cruel lot or not to live。 The duty of governments to succour so much wretchedness cannot be doubtful； for they are almost always the cause of this wretched population's being created； but； at the same time they ought not to forget that it is their part to save from indigence the miserable creatures already in existence； though at the same time discouraging them from perpetuating their race。 Assistance given to the poor has often done the contrary。 Religious instruction has almost always strongly contributed to destroy the equilibrium between the population； and the demand for labour which is to give it subsistence。 When questions of moral polity are introduced in a religious system； it almost constantly happens； that the cause of the precept is absolutely separated from the precept itself； and a rule； which should be modified by circumstances； becomes an invariable law。 Religions began with the origin of the human race； and therefore at a time when the rapid progress of population was every where desirable； their principles have not yet changed； now when the unlimited increase of families has given birth only to beings； of necessity condemned to physical suffering or moral degradation。 A Chinese knows no greater misfortune； no deeper humiliation； than not to leave sons behind him to perform the funeral honours at his death。 In almost all other creeds the indefinite increase of families has ever been represented as a blessing of heaven。 On the other hand； whilst religion repressed irregularity of morals； it attached all morality of conduct to marriage； and washed away； by the nuptial benediction alone； whatever； was reprehensible in the imprudence of him who inconsiderately contracted the bonds of paternity。 Yet； how important soever purity of morals may be； the duties of a father towards those whom he brings into existence are of a still higher order。 Children born but for wretchedness； are also born but for vice。 The happiness and the virtue of innocent and defenceless beings are thus sacrificed beforehand； to satisfy the passions of a day。 The ardour of casuists in preaching up marriage to correct a fault； the imprudence with which they recommend husbands to shut their eyes upon the future； to entrust the fate of their children to providence； the ignorance of social order； which has induced them to erase chastity from the number of virtues proper in marriage； are causes which have been incessantly active in destroying the proportion which naturally would have established itself between the population and its means of existing。 The Catholic faith has sometimes gained credit for its religious vows； which by forbidding marriage to a certain number of individuals； seemed to offer some opposition to an unlimited multiplication of the human species。 But those who consider it thus； certainly do not understand another very important part of the legislation of casuists； with regard to all that they have named the duties of husbands。 Considering marriage as solely destined for multiplication； they have made a sin of the very virtues which they enforce on single persons。 This morality is enforced by every confessor on every father and mother of a family。 The effects of it are powerfully felt in the social organization of Catholic countries。 They are met with even in reformed churches。 When fatal prejudices are not honoured； when a system of morality contrary to our true duties towards others； and above all towards those indebted to us for life； is not taught in the name of the most sacred authority； no wise man will marry till he is in a condition that affords him sure means of living； no father of a family will have more children than he can conveniently maintain。 The latter expects that his children will be satisfied with the lot in which he has lived； hence he will wish the rising generation exactly to represent that which is departing； he will wish that a son and a daughter arrived at the age of marriage； should fill the place of his father and his mother； that his children's children should fill his place and his wife's； in their turn； his daughter will find in another house exactly the lot which he will give to the daughter of another house in his own； and the income which satisfied the fathers will satisfy the children。 When once this family is formed； justice and humanity require that they submit to the same constraints which single people undergo。 On considering how small is the number of natural children in every country； it ought to be admitted that this constraint is sufficiently effectual。 In a country where population cannot increase； where new places do not exist for new establishments； the father who has eight children should reckon either that six of his children will die young； or that three contemporary males and their contemporary females； or in the following generation three of his sons and three of his daughters will not marry on his account。 There is no less injustice in the second calculation than cruelty in the first。 If marriage is sacred； if it is one great means of attaching men to virtue； and recompensing the chag
