political economy-第22章
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ples which follow。 In the epoch of civilization； at which we are arrived； no labour can be accomplished without a capital to set it in motion； but this capital； though almost constantly represented by money； is yet quite a different thing。 An increase of the national capital is the most powerful encouragement to labour； but an increase in the circulating medium has not of necessity the same effect。 Capitals co…operate powerfully in the annual reproduction of wealth； giving rise to an annual revenue； but money continues barren； and gives rise to no revenue。 Indeed； the competition between those capitals； which are offered to accomplish the annual labour of the nation； forms the basis for the interest of money； but the greater or less abundance of the circulating medium； has no influence in the fixing of this interest。 Painful experience has shown all the inhabitants of Europe what a dearth was； and a period of general penury among a civilized people。 At these mournful epochs； every one has heard it a hundred times observed； that it was not corn or food which was wanting； but money。 Indeed； vast magazines of corn have often remained full till the next harvest； those provisions； if proportionably shared among the people； would have almost always been sufficient for their support； but the poor； having no money to offer； were not able to buy them； they could not； in exchange for their labour； obtain money； or at least enough of it； to subsist。 Money was wanting； natural wealth superabundant。 What phenomenon could appear more proper to confirm the universal prejudice which looks for wealth in money； not in consumable capital？ But the money； which is wanting in a time of scarcity； is the wage offered to the workman to make him labour。 the wage； by means of which； he would have purchased a subsistence。 The workmen never labour； except when some of those who have accumulated capitals； or in other words； the fruit of preceding labours； can profit from those capitals； by furnishing； on one hand； the raw material； on the other； a subsistence for the artisan。 Labour cannot be carried on so as to produce any material fruit； any fruit capable of becoming wealth； without raw materials on which to operate； the workman cannot labour without food to support him； and； therefore； every kind of labour is impossible without a capital previously existing in objects of consumption； to furnish his materials and his wages； and； if the workman himself lay out these advances； it is because he combines for this little object； the two characters of capitalist and artisan。 As the workman requires a capitalist； so the capitalist requires workmen； because his capital will be unproductive if it continue idle； and the revenue which he expects and has to live upon springs from the labour which he causes to be executed。 Hence； whenever he is occupied in a productive enterprise； he employs all his capital in causing labour； and leaves no part of it in idleness。 If he is a cloth…maker； and has devoted ten thousand pounds to his manufacture； he does not stop till his ten thousand pounds are done； and he no longer has new sums to employ in the operation。 If it be then asked why he stops； he will answer； like the workman； that money is wanting； that money does not circulate。 It is not； however； money which is then wanting any more than in the former case； it is consumption； or the consumer's revenue。 On commencing his manufacture； the capitalist studied to adjust it to the demand； and he reckoned that as soon as his cloths should be ready； they would be purchased by consumers； whose money； the sign of their revenue； would replace his capital； and become the sign of subsistence to new workmen； to whom he would pay new wages。 It is not money which the consumer is in want of； but revenue。 Some have had inferior harvests this year； some have gained a smaller interest on their capitals； a smaller share on the annual re…production of the fruits of industry； others； who have no income but what arises from their labour； have not found employment； or else the whole three classes are not poorer than they were； but the manufacturer had imagined them to be richer； and regulated his production according to an income which does not exist。 Income； of which we have seen all the different sources in the second chapter； is a material and consumable thing； it springs from labour； it is destined for enjoyment； it is exactly of the same nature with the advances in wages and raw material laid out by the manufacturer； and money is but the sign and the measure of it。 The capital it should replace is also composed of material objects； destined for consumption； and incessantly renewed。 Money serves but to represent it； and always forms the smallest part of each merchant's funds。 We have supposed the cloth…maker to possess 100；000 l。； but； it half this sum is employed in fixed capitals； it will be sufficient； if his sale amount weekly to 1200 l。 to give him； in the shape of interest and profit； 20 per cent。 on his circulating capital； and to allow 1000 l weekly； in money； to maintain an annual production of 60；000 l。； so that he never possesses in cash more than the fiftieth part of his circulating capital。 An increase of the national capitals is the most powerful encouragement of labour； either because this augmentation presupposes an augmentation of income； and； consequently； of means of consumption； or because these capitals； not being profitable to their proprietor； except as they are employed； each capitalist incessantly endeavours to create new production by their means。 In distributing them to his workmen； he gives to those workmen revenue which enables them to purchase and consume the preceding year's production； and he sees those capitals return increased by the revenue； which he is to expect from them in the following year's production。 But though he distributes and afterwards recovers them； by means of the circulating medium； which serves for all exchanges； it is not the circulating medium which forms the essential requisite in his operation。 The same cloth…maker； labouring each year on an equal quantity； sends 2400 pieces of cloth to the market； which have been valued at 60；000 l。 or 25 l。 a piece。 He exchanges 400 pieces for such objects of consumption as are needed to supply the wants； the enjoyments； the luxuries of himself and family。 He exchanges 2000 pieces for the raw materials； and the labour which； within the year； are to re…produce an equal quantity； and thus next year； and every following year； he will have； as before； 2400 pieces to exchange on the same conditions。 His capital； equally with his revenue； is actually in cloths； not in money； and the perpetual result of his commerce is to exchange cloth against cloth。 If the consumption of cloth is increased； if by this means his trade； in place of comprehending 2400 pieces annually； comprehends 3000； more labour will； no doubt； be ordered by him； and executed by his workmen； but if the money alone is increased； and not the consumption or the income which determines it； labour and production cannot increase。 Let us take separately each one of his customers； as he calls them。 There is not one of them who does nor levy a greater or a smaller portion of his income in kind； but all may arrange matters so as to receive the whole of it in money。 They are not； however； more rich on this account； they will not be at more expense； they will not buy more cloth from him； and this trade will experience no kind of augmentation。 What happens to individuals may equally happen to nations。 The revenue of a country or the sum total of profits arising from the different kinds of labour； amounted； we shall say； last year； and this year； to fifty millions； but last year the country levied all its profit in goods； in merchandise destined for its consumption； this year； from some mercantile circumstance； some arrangement of exchanges； it has levied the fourth； the third part； in money imported through the frontiers。 It is neither richer nor poorer； for this alteration； its consumption will； as formerly； be fifty millions； and with regard to the money imported； apparently its industry required this money； otherwise it will be ag
