bird neighbors-第3章
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for they are conspicuous seed eaters。 Bills of the others long and conical； adapted for insectivorous diet。 About half the family are gifted songsters。 Red…winged Blackbird。 Rusty Blackbird。 Purple Grackle。 Bronzed Grackle。 Cowbird。 Meadow Lark。 Western Meadow Lark。 Bobolink。 Orchard Oriole。 Baltimore Oriole。
Family Fringillidae： FINCHES； SPARROWS； GROSBEAKS； BUNTINGS； LINNETS； AND CROSSBILLS
Generally fine songsters。 Bills conical； short； and stout for cracking seeds。 Length from five to nine inches； usually under eight inches。 This； the largest family of birds that we have （about one…seventh of all our birds belong to it）； comprises birds of such varied plumage and habit that； while certain family resemblances may be traced throughout； it is almost impossible to characterize the family as such。 The sparrows are comparatively small gray and brown birds with striped upper parts； lighter underneath。 Birds of the ground； or not far from it； elevated perches being chosen for rest and song。 Nest in low bushes or on the ground。 （Chipping sparrow often selects tall trees。） Coloring adapted to grassy； dusty habitats。 Males and females similar。 Flight labored。 About forty species of sparrows are found in the United States； of these； fourteen may be met with by a novice； and six； at least； surely will be。
The finches and their larger kin are chiefly bright…plumaged birds； the females either duller or distinct from males； bills heavy； dull； and conical； befitting seed eaters。 Not so migratory as insectivorous birds nor so restless。 Mostly phlegmatic in temperament。 Fine songsters。 Chipping Sparrow。 English Sparrow。 Field Sparrow。 Fox Sparrow。 Grasshopper Sparrow。 Savanna Sparrow。 Seaside Sparrow。 Sharp…tailed Sparrow。 Song Sparrow。 Swamp Song Sparrow。 Tree Sparrow。 Vesper Sparrow。 White…crowned Sparrow。 White…throated Sparrow。 Lapland Longspur。 Smith's Painted Longspur。 Pine Siskin （or Finch）。 Purple Finch。 Goldfinch。 Redpoll。 Greater Redpoll。 Red Crossbill。 White…winged Red Crossbill。 Cardinal Grosbeak。 Rose…breasted Grosbeak。 Pine Grosbeak。 Evening Grosbeak。 Blue Grosbeak。 Indigo Bunting。 Junco。 Snowflake。 Chewink。
Family Tanagridae： TANAGERS
Distinctly an American family； remarkable for their brilliant plumage； which； however； undergoes great changes twice a year； Females different from males； being dull and inconspicuous。 Birds of the tropics； two species only finding their way north； and the summer tanager rarely found north of Pennsylvania。 Shy inhabitants of woods。 Though they may nest low in trees； they choose high perches when singing or feeding upon flowers； fruits； and insects。 As a family； the tanagers have weak； squeaky voices； but both our species are good songsters。 Suffering the fate of most bright…plumaged birds； immense numbers have been shot annually。 Scarlet Tanager。 Summer Tanager。
Family Hirundinidae。 SWALLOWS
Birds of the air； that take their insect food on the wing。 Migratory。 Flight strong； skimming； darting； exceedingly graceful。 When not flying they choose slender； conspicuous perches like telegraph wires； gutters； and eaves of barns。 Plumage of some species dull； of others iridescent blues and Greens above； whitish or ruddy below。 Sexes similar。 Bills small； mouths large。 … Long and pointed wings； generally reaching the tip of the tail or beyond。 Tail more or less forked。 Feet small and weak from disuse。 Song a twittering warble without power。 Gregarious birds。 Barn Swallow。 Bank Swallow。 Cliff （or Eaves） Swallow。 Tree Swallow。 Rough…winged Swallow。 Purple Martin。
Family Ampelidae： WAXWINGS
Medium…sized Quaker…like birds； with plumage of soft browns and grays。 Head crested； black band across forehead and through the eye。 Bodies plump from indolence。 Tail tipped with yellow； wings with red tips to coverts； resembling sealing…wax。 Sexes similar。 Silent； gentle； courteous； elegant birds。 Usually seen in large flocks feeding upon berries in the trees or perching on the branches； except at the nesting season。 Voices resemble a soft； lisping twitter。 Cedar Bird。 Bohemian Waxwing。
Family Laniidae： SHRIKES
Medium…sized grayish； black…and…white birds； with hooked and hawk…like bill for tearing the flesh of smaller birds； field…mice； and large insects that they impale on thorns。 Handsome； bold birds； the terror of all small； feathered neighbors； not excluding the English sparrow。 They choose conspicuous perches when on the lookout for prey a projecting or dead limb of a tree； the cupola of a house； the ridge…pole or weather…vane of a barn； or a telegraph wire； from which to suddenly drop upon a victim。 Eyesight remarkable。 Call…notes harsh and unmusical。 Habits solitary and wandering。 The first…named species is resident during the colder months of the year； the latter is a summer resident only north of Maryland。 Northern Shrike。 Loggerhead Shrike。
Family Vireonidae： VIREOS OR GREENLETS
Small greenish…gray or olive birds； whitish or yellowish underneath； their plumage resembling the foliage of the trees they hunt； nest； and live among。 Sexes alike。 More deliberate in habit than the restless； flitting warblers that are chiefly seen darting about the ends of twigs。 Vireos are more painstaking gleaners； they carefully explore the bark； turn their heads upward to investigate the under side of leaves； and usually keep well hidden among the foliage。 Bill hooked at tip for holding worms and insects。 Gifted songsters； superior to the warblers。 This family is peculiar to America。 Red…eyed Vireo。 Solitary Vireo。 Warbling Vireo。 White…eyed Vireo。 Yellow…throated Vireo。
Family Mniotiltidae： WOOD WARBLERS
A large group of birds； for the most part smaller than the English sparrow； all； except the ground warblers； of beautiful plumage； in which yellow； olive； slate…blue； black； and white are predominant colors。 Females generally duller than males。 Exceedingly active； graceful； restless feeders among the terminal twigs of trees and shrubbery； haunters of tree…tops in the woods at nesting time。 Abundant birds； especially during May and September； when the majority are migrating to and from regions north of the United States； but they are strangely unknown to all but devoted bird lovers； who seek them out during these months that particularly favor acquaintance。 Several species are erratic in their migrations and choose a different course to return southward from the one they travelled over in spring。 A few species are summer residents； and one； at least； of this tropical family； the myrtle warbler； winters at the north。 The habits of the family are not identical in every representative； some are more deliberate and less nervous than others； a few； like the Canadian and Wilson's warblers； are expert flycatchers； taking their food on the wing； but not usually returning to the same perch； like true flycatchers； and a few of the warblers； as； for example； the black…and…white； the pine； and the worm…eating species； have the nuthatches' habit of creeping around the bark of trees。 Quite a number feed upon the ground。 All are insectivorous； though many vary their diet with blossom； fruit； or berries； and naturally their bills are slender and sharply pointed； rarely finch…like。 The yellow…breasted chat has the greatest variety of vocal expressions。 The ground warblers are compensated for their sober； thrush…like plumage by their exquisite voices； while the great majority of the family that are gaily dressed have notes that either resemble the trill of mid…summer insects or； by their limited range and feeble utterance； sadly belie the family name。 Bay…breasted Warbler。 Blackburnian Warbler。 Blackpoll Warbler。 Black…throated Blue Warbler。 Black…throated Green Warbler。 Black…and…white Creeping Warbler。 Blue…winged Warbler。 Canadian Warbler。 Chestnut…sided Warbler。 Golden…winged Warbler。 Hooded Warbler。 Kentucky Warbler。 Magnolia Warbler。 Mourning Warbler。 Myrtle Warbler。 Nashville Warbler。 Palm Warbler。 Parula Warbler。 Pine Warbler。 Prairie Warbler。 Redstart。 Wilson's Warbler。 Worm…eating Warbler。 Yellow Warbler。 Yellow Palm Warbler。 Ovenbird。
