the higher learning in america-第7章
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Reconstruction that the changes set in which have reshaped the
academic situation in America。
At this era; some half a century ago; the American college
was; or was at least pressed to be; given over to disinterested
instruction; not specialized with a vocational; or even a
denominational; bias。 It was coming to take its place as the
superior or crowning member; a sort of capstone; of the system of
public instruction。 The life history of any one of the state
universities whose early period of growth runs across this era
will readily show the effectual guidance of such an ideal of a
college; as a superior and definitive member in a school system
designed to afford an extended course of instruction looking to
an unbiassed increase and diffusion of knowledge。 Other
interests; of a professional or vocational kind; were also
entrusted to the keeping of these new…found schools; but with a
conclusive generality the rule holds that in these academic
creations a college establishment of a disinterested;
non…vocational character is counted in as the indispensable
nucleus; that much was at that time a matter of course。
The further development shows two marked features: The
American university has come into bearing; and the college has
become an intermediate rather than a terminal link in the
conventional scheme of education。 Under the names 〃undergraduate〃
and 〃graduate;〃 the college and the university are still commonly
coupled together as subdivisions of a complex whole; but this
holding together of the two disparate schools is at the best a
freak of aimless survival。 At the worst; and more commonly; it is
the result of a gross ambition for magnitude on the part of the
joint directorate。 Whether the college lives by itself as an
independent establishment on a foundation of its own; or is in
point of legal formality a subdivision of the university
establishment; it takes its place in the educational scheme as
senior member of the secondary school system; and it bears no
peculiarly close relation to the university as a seat of
learning。 At the closest it stands to the university in the
relation of a fitting school; more commonly its relations are
closer with the ordinary professional and vocational schools; and
for the most part it stands in no relation; beyond that of
juxtaposition; with the one or the other。
The attempt to hold the college and the no means together in
bonds of ostensible Solidarity is by university an advisedly
concerted adjustment to the needs of scholarship as they run
today。 By historical accident the older American universities
have grown into bearing on the ground of an underlying college;
and the external connection so inherited has not usually been
severed; and by ill…advised; or perhaps unadvised; imitation the
younger universities have blundered into encumbering themselves
with an undergraduate department to simulate this presumptively
honourable pedigree; to the detriment both of the university and
of the college so bound up with it。 By this arrangement the
college undergraduate department falls into the position of
an appendage; a side issue; to be taken care of by afterthought
on the part of a body of men whose chief legitimate interest runs
should run on other things than the efficient management of
such an undergraduate training…school; provided always that
they are a bona fide university faculty; and not a body of
secondary…school teachers masquerading under the assumed name of
a university。
The motive to this inclusion of an undergraduate department
in the newer universities appears commonly to have been a
headlong eagerness on the part of the corporate authorities to
show a complete establishment of the conventionally accepted
pattern; and to enroll as many students as possible。
Whatever may have been true for the earlier time; when the
American college first grew up and flourished; it is beyond
question that the undergraduate department which takes the place
of the college today cannot be rated as an institution of the
higher learning。 At the best it is now a school for preliminary
training; preparatory to entering on the career of learning; or
in preparation for the further training required for the
professions; but it is also; and chiefly; an establishment
designed to give the concluding touches to the education of young
men who have no designs on learning; beyond the close of the
college curriculum。 It aims to afford a rounded discipline to
those whose goal is the life of fashion or of affairs。 How well;
or how ill; the college may combine these two unrelated purposes
is a question that does not immediately concern the present
inquiry。 It is touched on here only to point the contrast between
the American college and the university。
It follows from the character of their work that while the
university should offer no set curriculum; the college has;
properly; nothing else to offer。 But the retention or inclusion
of the college and its aims within the university corporation has
necessarily led to the retention of college standards and methods
of control even in what is or purports to be university work; so
that it is by no means unusual to find university (graduate) work
scheduled in the form of a curriculum; with all that
boarding…school circumstance and apparatus that is so unavoidable
an evil in all undergraduate training。 In effect; the outcome of
these short…sighted attempts to take care of the higher learning
by the means and method of the boys' school; commonly is to
eliminate the higher learning from the case and substitute the
aims and results of a boys' training…school。
Undergraduate work being task work; it is possible; without
fatal effect; to reduce it to standard units of time and volume;
and so control and enforce it by a system of accountancy and
surveillance; the methods of control; accountancy and coercion
that so come to be worked out have all that convincing appearance
of tangible efficiency that belongs to any mechanically defined
and statistically accountable routine; such as will always
commend itself to the spirit of the schoolmaster; the temptation
to apply such methods of standardized routine wherever it is at
all feasible is always present; and it is cogently spoken for by
all those to whom drill is a more intelligible conception than
scholarship。 The work of learning; which distinctively belongs in
the university; on the other hand; is a matter of personal
contact and co…operation between teacher and student; and is not
measurable in statistical units or amenable to mechanical tests;
the men engaged in this work can accordingly offer nothing of the
same definite character in place of the rigid routine and
accountancy advocated by the schoolmasters; and the outcome in
nearly all cases where the control of both departments vests in
one composite corporate body; as it usually does; is the gradual
insinuation of undergraduate methods and standards in the
graduate school; until what is nominally university work settles
down; in effect; into nothing more than an extension of the
undergraduate curriculum。 This effect is had partly by reducing
such of the graduate courses as are found amenable to the
formalities of the undergraduate routine; and partly by
dispensing with such graduate work as will not lend itself; even
ostensibly; to the schoolmaster's methods。
What has been said of the college in this con