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第51章

the higher learning in america-第51章

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    In this high rating of things practical the captains of



industry are also substantially at one with the current



common…sense award of the vulgar; so that their advocacy of



practical education carries the weight of a self…evident



principle。 It is true; in the long run and on sober reflection



the award of civilized common sense runs to the effect that



knowledge is more to be desired than things of price; but at the



same time the superficial and transient workday sense of daily



needs  the 〃snap judgment〃 of the vulgar  driven by the hard



usage of competitive bread…winning; says that a gainful



occupation is the first requisite of human life; and accepting it



without much question as the first requisite; the vulgar allow it



uncritically to stand as the chief or sole and that is worth an



effort。 And in so doing they are not so far out of their



bearings; for to the common man; under the competitive system;



there is but a scant margin of energy or interest left over and



disposable for other ends after the instant needs of



bread…winning have been met。



    Proficiency and single…mindedness in the pursuit of private



gain is something that can readily be appreciated by all men who



have had the usual training given by the modern system of



competitive gain and competitive spending。 Nothing is so



instantly recognized as being of great urgency; always and



everywhere; under this modern; pecuniary scheme of things。 So



that; without reflection and as a matter of course; the first and



gravest question of any general bearing in any connection has



come to be that classic of worldly wisdom: What profiteth it a



man? and the answer is; just as uncritically; sought in terms of



pecuniary gain。 And the men to whom has been entrusted the



custody of that cultural heritage of mankind that can not be



bought with a price; make haste to play up to this snap judgment



of the vulgar; and so keep them from calling to mind; on second



thought; what it is that they; after all; value more highly than



the means of competitive spending。



    Concomitant with this growing insistence on vocational



training in the schools; and with this restless endeavour of the



academic authorities to gratify the demand; there has also come



an increasing habitual inclination of the same uncritical



character among academic men to value all academic work in terms



of livelihood or of earning capacity。(3*) The question has been



asked; more and more urgently and openly; What is the use of all



this knowledge?(4*) Pushed by this popular prejudice; and



themselves also drifting under compulsion of the same prevalent



bias; even the seasoned scholars and scientists  Matthew



Arnold's 〃Remnant〃  have taken to heart this question of the



use of the higher learning in the pursuit of gain。 Of course it



has no such use; and the many shrewdly devised solutions of the



conundrum have necessarily run out in a string of sophistical



dialectics。 The place of disinterested knowledge in modern



civilization is neither that of a means to private gain; nor that



of an intermediate step in 〃the roundabout process of the



production of goods。〃



    As a motto for the scholars' craft; Scientia pecuniae



ancillans is nowise more seemly than the Schoolmen's Philosophia



theologiae ancillans。(5*) Yet such inroads have pecuniary habits



of valuation made even within the precincts of the corporation of



learning; that university men;  and even the scholarly ones



among them;  are no more than half ashamed of such a parcel of



fatuity。 And relatively few among university executives have not;



within the past few years; taken occasion to plead the merits of



academic training as a business proposition。 The man of the world



 that is to say; of the business world puts the question; What



is the use of this learning? and the men who speak for learning;



and even the scholars occupied with the 〃humanities;〃 are at



pains to find some colourable answer that shall satisfy the



worldly…wise that this learning for which they speak is in some



way useful for pecuniary gain。(6*)



    If he were not himself infected with the pragmatism of the



market…place; the scholar's answer would have to be。 Get thee



behind me!







    Benjamin Franklin  high…bred pragmatist that he was  once



put away such a question with the rejoinder: What is the use of a



baby? To civilized men  with the equivocal exception of the



warlike politicians  this latter question seems foolish;



criminally foolish。 But there once was a time; in the high days



of barbarism; when thoughtful men were ready to canvass that



question with as naive a gravity as this other question; of the



use of learning; is canvassed by the substantial citizens of the



present day。 At the period covered by that chapter in ancient



history; a child was; in a way; an article of equipment for the



up…keep of the family and its prestige; and more remotely for the



support of the sovereign and his prestige。 So that a male child



would be rated as indubitably worth while if he gave promise of



growing into a robust and contentious man。 If the infant were a



girl; or if he gave no promise of becoming an effective disturber



of the peace; the use or expediency of rearing the child would



become a matter for deliberation; and not infrequently the



finding of those old…time utilitarians was adverse; and the



investment was cancelled。 The habit of so deliberating on the



pragmatic advisability of child…life has been lost; latterly; or



at any rate such of the latterday utilitarians as may still



entertain a question of this kind in any concrete case are



ashamed to have it spoken of nakedly。 Witness the lame but



irrepressible sentimental protest against the Malthusian doctrine



of population。



    It is true; in out…of…the…way corners and on the lower levels



 and on the higher levels of imperial politics where men have



not learned to shrink from shameful devices; the question of



children and of the birth…rate is still sometimes debated as a



question of the presumptive use of offspring for some ulterior



end。 And there may still be found those who are touched by the



reflection that a child born may become a valuable asset as a



support for the parents' old age。 Such a pecuniary rating of the



parental relation; which values children as a speculative means



of gain; may still be met with。 But wherever modern civilization



has made its way at all effectually; such a provident rating of



offspring is not met with in good company。 Latterday common sense



does not countenance it。



    Not that a question of expediency is no longer entertained;



touching this matter of children; but it is no longer the



patriarchal…barbarian question as to eventual gains that may be



expected to accrue to the parent or the family。 Except in the



view of those statesmen of the barbarian line who see the matter



of birth…rate from the higher ground of dynastic politics; a



child born is not rated as a means; but as an end。 At least



conventionally; it is no longer a question of pecuniary gain for



the parent but of expediency for the child。 No mother asks



herself if her child will pay。



    Civilized men shrink from anything like rating children as a



contrivance for use in the 〃round…about process of the production



of goods。〃 And in much the same spirit; and in the last analysis



on much the same grounds; although in a less secure and more



loosely speculative fashion; men also look to the higher learning



as the ripe fulfilment of materia

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