the higher learning in america-第46章
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of erudition as a means of advancing the university's prestige;
and so far the indicated consequences follow。 In some measure the
scientific men so intruded into the academic body are in a
position to give a direction to affairs within their field and
within the framework of the general policy。 They are able to
claim rank and discretion; and their choice; or at least their
assent; must be consulted in the selection of their subalterns;
and in a degree also in the organization of the department's
work。 It is true; men whose talent; interest and experience run
chiefly within the lines of scientific inquiry; are commonly
neither skilled nor shrewd managers in that give and take of
subtleties and ambiguities by which the internal machinery of the
university is kept in line and running under a businesslike
administration; but even so; their aims and prepossessions will
in a measure affect the animus and shape the work of the academic
body。 All this applies particularly on the higher levels of
research; as contrasted with the commonplace (undergraduate) work
of instruction。 But at this point; therefore; the principles of
competitive publicity carry with them a partial neutralization of
their own tendency。
This necessity of employing scientists of a commanding force
and rank raises a point of some delicacy in the administration of
the competitive university。 It is necessary to assign these men a
relatively high rank in the academic hierarchy; both because they
will accept no subordinate place and because the advertising
value of their prestige will be curtailed by reducing them to an
inconspicuous position。 And with high rank is necessarily
associated a relatively large discretion and a wide influence in
academic affairs; at least on the face of things。 Such men; so
placed; are apt to be exacting in matters which they conceive to
bear on the work in their own sciences; and their exactions may
not be guided chiefly by the conspicuousness of the equipment
which they require or of the results at which they aim。 They are
also not commonly adroit men of affairs; in the business sense of
the term; not given to conciliatory compromises and an exhibition
of complaisant statistics。 The framing of shrewd lines of
competitive strategy; and the bureaucratic punctilios of
university administration; do not commonly engage their best
interest; even if it does not stir them to an indecorous
impatience。(2*)
Should such a man become unduly insistent in his advocacy of
scholarship; so as seriously to traverse the statistical
aspirations of the executive; or in any way to endanger the
immediate popular prestige of the university; then it may become
an open question whether his personal prestige has not been
bought at too high a cost。 As a business proposition; it may even
become expedient to retire him。 But his retirement may not be an
easy matter to arrange。 The businesslike grounds of it can not
well be avowed; since it is involved in the scheme of academic
decorum; as well as in the scheme of publicity; that motives of
notoriety must not be avowed。 Colourable grounds of another kind
must be found; such as will divert the popular imagination from
the point at issue。 By a judicious course of vexation and
equivocations; an obnoxious scientist may be manoeuvred into such
a position that his pride will force a 〃voluntary〃 resignation。
Failing this; it may become necessary; however distasteful;
delicately to defame his domestic life; or his racial; religious
or political status。 In America such an appeal to the baser
sentiments will commonly cloud the issue sufficiently for the
purpose in hand; even though it all has nothing to do with the
man's fitness for university work。 Such a step; however; is not
to be taken unless the case is urgent; if there is danger of
estranging the affections of potential donors; or if it involves
anything like overt disloyalty to the executive head。
This is one of the points at which it is necessary to recall
the fact that no settled code of business ethics has yet been
worked out for the guidance of competitive university management;
nor is it easy to see how such a code can be worked out; so long
as the university remains ostensibly a seat of learning; unable
to avow any other ground of action than a single…minded pursuit
of knowledge。 It has been alleged indeed it is fast becoming a
tradition that the executives of the great competitive
universities habitually allow some peculiar latitude as touches
the canons of truth and fair dealing。 If this describes the
facts; it should not be counted against these discreet men who so
have to tax their ingenuity; but against the situation in which
they are placed; which makes it impracticable to observe a nice
discrimination in matters of veracity。 Statements of fact; under
such conditions; will in great part be controlled by the end to
be accomplished; rather than by antecedent circumstances; such
statements are necessarily of a teleological order。 As in other
competitive business; facts have in this connection only a
strategic value; but the exigencies of strategy here are
peculiarly exacting; and often rigorous。
Academic tradition and current common sense unite in imposing
on the universities the employment of prominent scholars and
scientists; in that men of note in this class have a high
prestige value for purposes of publicity; and it was suggested
above that a reservation of some breadth must be made on this
head。 Common notoriety is the due test of eminence which the
competitive university must apply in the selection of its
notables。 But in the sciences that deal with the less tangible
and measureable data; the so…called moral or social sciences;
common notoriety is not even an approximately accurate index of
scientific capacity or attainments; and still it is; of course;
the standing of the incumbents in point of common notoriety that
must chiefly be had in view in any strict valuation of them for
purposes of academic prestige。 They are needed for the
advertising value which they bring; and for this purpose they are
valuable somewhat in proportion to the rank awarded them by
common report among that unlearned element; whose good opinion
the competitive university must conciliate。 But in the nature of
the case; within the range of sciences named; the estimate of the
unlearned is necessarily in the wrong。
With the exception of archaeological inquiries and the study
of law; as commonly pursued; these moral or social sciences are
occupied with inquiry into the nature of the conventions under
which men live; the institutions of society customs; usages;
traditions; conventions; canons of conduct; standards of life; of
taste; of morality and religion; law and order。 No faithful
inquiry into these matters can avoid an air of scepticism as to
the stability or finality of some one or other among the received
articles of institutional furniture。 An inquiry into the nature
and causes; the working and the outcome; of this institutional
apparatus; will disturb the habitual convictions and
preconceptions on which they rest; even if the outcome of the
inquiry should bear no colour of iconoclasm; unless; indeed; the
inquirer were so fortunate as to start with an inalienable
presumption that the received convictions on these matters need
no inquiry and are eternally right and good; in which case he
does best to rest content at his point of de