±´¿Çµç×ÓÊé > Ó¢ÎÄÔ­Öøµç×ÓÊé > the higher learning in america >

µÚ34ÕÂ

the higher learning in america-µÚ34ÕÂ

С˵£º the higher learning in america ×ÖÊý£º ÿҳ4000×Ö

°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡






administration¡¡and¡¡its¡¡bearing¡¡on¡¡advanced¡¡work¡£¡¡The¡¡scholastic



accessories¡¡spoken¡¡of¡¡above¡¡¡¡clubs£»¡¡fraternities£»¡¡devotional



organizations£»¡¡class¡¡organizations£»¡¡spectacles¡¡and¡¡social



functions£»¡¡athletics£»¡¡and¡¡¡¨student¡¡activities¡¨¡¡generally¡¡¡¡do



not¡¡in¡¡any¡¡appreciable¡¡degree¡¡bear¡¡directly¡¡on¡¡the¡¡advanced¡¡work£»



in¡¡as¡¡much¡¡as¡¡they¡¡find¡¡no¡¡ready¡¡lodgement¡¡among¡¡the¡¡university



students¡¡proper¡£¡¡But¡¡they¡¡count£»¡¡indirectly¡¡and¡¡effectually£»



toward¡¡lowering¡¡the¡¡scholarly¡¡ideals¡¡and¡¡keeping¡¡down¡¡the¡¡number



of¡¡advanced¡¡students£»¡¡chiefly¡¡by¡¡diverting¡¡the¡¡interest¡¡and



energies¡¡of¡¡the¡¡undergraduate¡¡men¡¡from¡¡scholarly¡¡pursuits¡¡and



throwing¡¡them¡¡into¡¡various¡¡lines¡¡of¡¡business¡¡and¡¡sportsmanship¡£



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡subsidized¡¡clubs¡¡work£»¡¡in¡¡these¡¡premises£»¡¡to¡¡much¡¡the



same¡¡effect¡¡as¡¡the¡¡fraternities£»¡¡both¡¡are£»¡¡in¡¡effect£»¡¡designed¡¡to



cultivate¡¡expensive¡¡habits¡¡of¡¡life¡£¡¡The¡¡same¡¡is¡¡true¡¡in¡¡a¡¡higher



degree¡¡of¡¡athletic¡¡sports¡£¡¡The¡¡full¡¡round¡¡of¡¡sportsmanlike



events£»¡¡as¡¡well¡¡as¡¡the¡¡round¡¡schedule¡¡of¡¡social¡¡amenities¡¡for



which¡¡the¡¡polite¡¡side¡¡of¡¡undergraduate¡¡life¡¡£¨partly¡¡subsidized£©



is¡¡designed¡¡to¡¡give¡¡a¡¡taste¡¡and¡¡training£»¡¡are¡¡beyond¡¡the¡¡compass



of¡¡men¡¡devoted¡¡to¡¡scholarship¡£¡¡In¡¡effect¡¡these¡¡things¡¡come¡¡in¡¡as



alternatives¡¡to¡¡the¡¡pursuit¡¡of¡¡knowledge¡£¡¡These¡¡things¡¡call¡¡for¡¡a



large¡¡expenditure¡¡of¡¡time¡¡and¡¡means£»¡¡neither¡¡of¡¡which¡¡can¡¡be



adequately¡¡met¡¡by¡¡the¡¡scientist¡¡or¡¡scholar¡£¡¡So¡¡that¡¡men¡¡who¡¡have



been¡¡trained¡¡to¡¡the¡¡round¡¡of¡¡things¡¡that¡¡so¡¡go¡¡to¡¡make¡¡up¡¡the



conventional¡¡scheme¡¡of¡¡undergraduate¡¡interests¡¡can¡¡not¡¡well¡¡look



to¡¡a¡¡career¡¡in¡¡the¡¡higher¡¡learning¡¡as¡¡a¡¡possible¡¡outcome¡¡of¡¡their



residence¡¡in¡¡college¡£¡¡On¡¡the¡¡other¡¡hand£»¡¡young¡¡men¡¡habitually£»



and¡¡no¡¡doubt¡¡rightly£»¡¡expect¡¡a¡¡business¡¡career¡¡to¡¡yield¡¡an¡¡income



somewhat¡¡above¡¡the¡¡average¡¡of¡¡incomes¡¡in¡¡the¡¡community£»¡¡and¡¡more



particularly¡¡in¡¡excess¡¡of¡¡the¡¡commonplace¡¡incomes¡¡of¡¡academic



men£»¡¡such¡¡an¡¡income£»¡¡indeed£»¡¡as¡¡may¡¡afford¡¡the¡¡means¡¡to¡¡cover¡¡the



conventional¡¡routine¡¡of¡¡such¡¡polite¡¡expenditures¡£¡¡So¡¡that£»¡¡in¡¡the



absence¡¡of¡¡an¡¡independent¡¡income£»¡¡some¡¡sort¡¡of¡¡a¡¡business¡¡career



that¡¡promises¡¡well¡¡in¡¡the¡¡pecuniary¡¡respect¡¡becomes¡¡the¡¡necessary



recourse¡¡of¡¡the¡¡men¡¡to¡¡whom¡¡these¡¡amenities¡¡of¡¡expenditure¡¡have



become¡¡habitual¡¡through¡¡their¡¡undergraduate¡¡training¡£¡¡With¡¡like



effect¡¡the¡¡mental¡¡discipline¡¡exercised¡¡by¡¡these¡¡sports¡¡and¡¡polite



events¡¡greatly¡¡favours¡¡the¡¡growth¡¡of¡¡tactful¡¡equivocation¡¡and¡¡a



guarded¡¡habit¡¡of¡¡mind£»¡¡such¡¡as¡¡makes¡¡for¡¡worldly¡¡wisdom¡¡and



success¡¡in¡¡business£»¡¡but¡¡which¡¡is¡¡worse¡¡than¡¡useless¡¡in¡¡the



scholar¡¡or¡¡scientist¡£¡¡And¡¡further¡¡and¡¡perhaps¡¡more¡¡decisively£»¡¡an



undergraduate¡¡who¡¡does¡¡his¡¡whole¡¡duty¡¡in¡¡the¡¡way¡¡of¡¡sports£»



fraternities£»¡¡clubs£»¡¡and¡¡reputable¡¡dissipation¡¡at¡¡large£»¡¡commonly



comes¡¡through¡¡his¡¡undergraduate¡¡course¡¡with¡¡a¡¡scanty¡¡and



superficial¡¡preparation¡¡for¡¡scholarly¡¡or¡¡scientific¡¡pursuits£»¡¡if



any¡£¡¡So¡¡that¡¡even¡¡in¡¡case¡¡he¡¡should¡¡still¡¡chance¡¡to¡¡harbour¡¡a



penchant¡¡for¡¡the¡¡pursuit¡¡of¡¡learning¡¡he¡¡will¡¡be¡¡unfit¡¡by¡¡lack¡¡of



training¡£







NOTES£º







1¡£¡¡Cf¡£¡¡George¡¡T¡£¡¡Ladd£»¡¡¡¨The¡¡Need¡¡of¡¡Administrative¡¡Changes¡¡in¡¡the



American¡¡University£»¡¨¡¡reprinted¡¡in¡¡University¡¡Control£»¡¡by¡¡J¡£



McKeen¡¡Cattell£»¡¡especially¡¡pp¡£¡¡352¡­353¡£







2¡£¡¡Cf¡£¡¡George¡¡T¡£¡¡Ladd£»¡¡as¡¡above£»¡¡pp¡£¡¡351¡­352¡£







3¡£¡¡Apart¡¡from¡¡the¡¡executive's¡¡need¡¡of¡¡satisfying¡¡the¡¡prejudices



of¡¡the¡¡laity¡¡in¡¡this¡¡matter£»¡¡there¡¡is¡¡no¡¡ground¡¡for¡¡this



competition¡¡between¡¡the¡¡universities£»¡¡either¡¡in¡¡the¡¡pecuniary



circumstances¡¡of¡¡the¡¡several¡¡establishments¡¡or¡¡in¡¡the¡¡work¡¡they



are¡¡to¡¡take¡¡care¡¡of¡£¡¡So¡¡much¡¡is¡¡admitted¡¡on¡¡all¡¡hands¡£¡¡But¡¡the



fact¡¡remains¡¡that¡¡no¡¡other¡¡one¡¡motive¡¡has¡¡as¡¡much¡¡to¡¡do¡¡with



shaping¡¡academic¡¡policy¡¡as¡¡this¡¡same¡¡competition¡¡for¡¡traffic¡£¡¡The



cause¡¡of¡¡it¡¡appears¡¡to¡¡be¡¡very¡¡little¡¡if¡¡anything¡¡else¡¡than¡¡that



the¡¡habits¡¡of¡¡thought¡¡induced¡¡by¡¡experience¡¡in¡¡business¡¡are



uncritically¡¡carried¡¡over¡¡into¡¡academic¡¡affairs¡£



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Critics¡¡of¡¡the¡¡present¡¡régime¡¡are¡¡inclined¡¡to¡¡admit¡¡that¡¡the



colleges¡¡of¡¡the¡¡land¡¡are¡¡in¡¡great¡¡part¡¡so¡¡placed¡¡as¡¡to¡¡be¡¡thrown



into¡¡competition¡¡by¡¡force¡¡of¡¡circumstances£»¡¡both¡¡as¡¡to¡¡the



acquisition¡¡of¡¡funds¡¡and¡¡as¡¡to¡¡the¡¡enrolment¡¡of¡¡students¡£¡¡The



point¡¡may¡¡be¡¡conceded£»¡¡though¡¡with¡¡doubt¡¡and¡¡reservation£»¡¡as



applies¡¡to¡¡the¡¡colleges£»¡¡for¡¡the¡¡universities¡¡there¡¡is¡¡no¡¡visible



ground¡¡of¡¡such¡¡rivalry£»¡¡apart¡¡from¡¡unreflecting¡¡prejudice¡¡on¡¡the



part¡¡of¡¡the¡¡laity£»¡¡and¡¡an¡¡ambition¡¡for¡¡popular¡¡acclaim¡¡on¡¡the



part¡¡of¡¡the¡¡university¡¡directorate¡£







4¡£¡¡An¡¡incumbent¡¡of¡¡executive¡¡office£»¡¡recently¡¡appointed£»¡¡in¡¡one



of¡¡the¡¡greater¡¡universities¡¡was¡¡at¡¡pains¡¡a¡¡few¡¡years¡¡ago¡¡to¡¡speak



his¡¡mind¡¡on¡¡this¡¡head£»¡¡to¡¡the¡¡effect¡¡that¡¡the¡¡members¡¡of¡¡the



academic¡¡staff¡¡are¡¡employees¡¡in¡¡the¡¡pay¡¡of¡¡the¡¡university¡¡and



under¡¡the¡¡orders¡¡of¡¡its¡¡president£»¡¡and¡¡as¡¡such¡¡they¡¡are¡¡bound¡¡to



avoid¡¡all¡¡criticism¡¡of¡¡him¡¡and¡¡his¡¡administration¡¡so¡¡long¡¡as¡¡they



continue¡¡on¡¡the¡¡pay¡­roll£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡if¡¡any¡¡member¡¡of¡¡the¡¡staff¡¡has



any¡¡fault¡¡to¡¡find¡¡with¡¡the¡¡conduct¡¡of¡¡affairs¡¡he¡¡must¡¡first¡¡sever



his¡¡connection¡¡with¡¡the¡¡university£»¡¡before¡¡speaking¡¡his¡¡mind¡£



These¡¡expressions¡¡were¡¡occasioned¡¡by¡¡the¡¡underhand¡¡dismissal¡¡of¡¡a



scholar¡¡of¡¡high¡¡standing¡¡and¡¡long¡¡service£»¡¡who¡¡had¡¡incurred¡¡the



displeasure¡¡of¡¡the¡¡president¡¡then¡¡in¡¡charge£»¡¡by¡¡overt¡¡criticism



of¡¡the¡¡administration¡£¡¡As¡¡to¡¡its¡¡general¡¡features¡¡the¡¡case¡¡might



well¡¡have¡¡been¡¡the¡¡one¡¡referred¡¡to¡¡by¡¡Professor¡¡Ladd¡¡£¨University



Control£»¡¡as¡¡above£»¡¡p¡£¡¡359£©£»¡¡though¡¡the¡¡circumstances¡¡of¡¡the



dismissal¡¡offer¡¡several¡¡details¡¡of¡¡a¡¡more¡¡discreditable¡¡character



than¡¡Professor¡¡Ladd¡¡appears¡¡to¡¡have¡¡been¡¡aware¡¡of¡£







5¡£¡¡The¡¡strategic¡¡reason¡¡for¡¡this¡¡is¡¡the¡¡desire¡¡to¡¡retain¡¡for



graduate¡¡registration¡¡any¡¡student¡¡who¡¡might¡¡otherwise¡¡prefer¡¡to



look¡¡for¡¡graduate¡¡instruction¡¡elsewhere¡£¡¡The¡¡plan¡¡has¡¡not¡¡been



found¡¡to¡¡work¡¡well£»¡¡and¡¡it¡¡is¡¡still¡¡on¡¡trial¡£







6¡£¡¡At¡¡least¡¡one¡¡such¡¡businesslike¡¡chief¡¡of¡¡bureau¡¡has¡¡seriously



endeavoured¡¡so¡¡to¡¡standardize¡¡and¡¡control¡¡the¡¡work¡¡of¡¡his¡¡staff



as¡¡to¡¡have¡¡all¡¡courses¡¡of¡¡lectures¡¡professed¡¡in¡¡the¡¡department



reduced¡¡to¡¡symmetrical¡¡and¡¡permanent¡¡shape¡¡under¡¡the¡¡form¡¡of



certified¡¡syllabi£»¡¡which¡¡could¡¡then¡¡be¡¡taken¡¡over¡¡by¡¡any¡¡member



of¡¡the¡¡staff£»¡¡at¡¡the¡¡discretion¡¡of¡¡the¡¡chief£»¡¡and¡¡driven¡¡home¡¡in



the¡¡lecture¡¡room¡¡with¡¡the¡¡accredited¡¡pedagogical¡¡circumstance¡¡and



apparatus¡£¡¡The¡¡scheme¡¡has¡¡found¡¡its¡¡way¡¡into¡¡academic¡¡anecdote£»



on¡¡the¡¡lighter¡¡side£»¡¡as¡¡being¡¡a¡¡project¡¡to¡¡supply¡¡standard



erudition¡¡in¡¡uniform¡¡packages£»¡¡¡¨guaranteed¡¡under¡¡the¡¡pure¡¡food



law£»¡¡fully¡¡sterilized¡£¡¡and¡¡sealed¡¡without¡¡solder¡¡or¡¡acids¡¨£»¡¡to



which¡¡it¡¡is¡¡only¡¡necessary¡¡to¡¡¡¨add¡¡hot¡¡air¡¡and¡¡serve¡£¡¨







7¡£¡¡So£»¡¡e¡£¡¡g¡££»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡known¡¡to¡¡have£»¡¡on¡¡occasion£»¡¡became¡¡a



difficult¡¡question¡¡of¡¡inter¡­bureaucratic¡¡comity£»¡¡whether



commercial¡¡geography¡¡belongs¡¡of¡¡right¡¡to¡¡the¡¡department¡¡of



geology¡¡or¡¡to¡¡that¡¡of¡¡economics£»¡¡whether¡¡given¡¡courses¡¡in¡¡Hebrew



are¡¡equitably¡¡to¡¡be¡¡assigned¡¡to¡¡the¡¡department¡¡of¡¡Semitics¡¡or¡¡to



that¡¡of¡¡Religions£»¡¡whether¡¡Church¡¡History¡¡is¡¡in¡¡fairness¡¡to¡¡be



classed¡¡with¡¡profane¡¡History¡¡or¡¡with¡¡Divinity£»¡¡etc¡££»¡¡¡¡questions



which£»¡¡except¡¡in¡¡point¡¡of¡¡departmental¡¡rivalry£»¡¡have¡¡none¡¡but¡¡a



meretricious¡¡significance¡£







8¡£¡¡Nugatory£»¡¡that¡¡is£»¡¡for¡¡the¡¡ostensible¡¡purpose¡¡of¡¡reducing



inter¡­academic¡¡rivalry¡¡and¡¡duplication¡£¡¡However£»¡¡there¡¡are¡¡other



matters¡¡of¡¡joint¡¡interest¡¡to¡¡the¡¡gild¡¡of¡¡university¡¡executives£»



as£»¡¡e¡£g¡££»¡¡the¡¡inter¡­academic£»¡¡or¡¡inter¡­executive£»¡¡blacklist£»¡¡and



similar¡¡recondite¡¡matters¡¡of¡¡presidential¡¡courtesy¡¡and¡¡prestige£»



necessary¡¡to¡¡be¡¡attended¡¡to¡¡though¡¡not¡¡necessary¡¡to¡¡be¡¡spread



abroad¡£







9¡£¡¡The¡¡English¡¡pattern¡¡of¡¡boys'¡¡schools¡¡and¡¡gentlemanly



university¡¡residence¡¡has¡¡doub

·µ»ØĿ¼ ÉÏÒ»Ò³ ÏÂÒ»Ò³ »Øµ½¶¥²¿ ÔÞ£¨0£© ²È£¨0£©

Äã¿ÉÄÜϲ»¶µÄ