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第33章

the higher learning in america-第33章

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can enable any observer to appreciate the extraordinary lengths



to which this matter is carried in practice; and the pervasive



way in which it resistlessly bends more and more of current



instruction to its mechanical tests and progressively sterilizes



all personal initiative and ambition that comes within its sweep。



And nothing but the same continued contact with the relevant



facts could persuade any outsider that all this skilfully devised



death of the spirit is brought about by well…advised efforts of



improvement on the part of men who are intimately conversant with



the facts; and who are moved by a disinterested solicitude for



the best academic good of the students under their charge。 Yet



such; unmistakably; are the facts of the case。



    While the initial move in this sterilization of the academic



intellect is necessarily taken by the statistically…minded



superior officers of the corporation of learning; the detail of



schedules and administrative routine involved is largely left in



the discretion of the faculty。 Indeed; it is work of this



character that occupies nearly the whole of the attention of the



faculty as a deliberative body; as well as of its many and



various committees。 In these matters of administrative routine



and punctilio the faculty; collectively and severally; can



exercise a degree of initiative and discretion。 And these duties



are taken as seriously as well may be; and the matters that so



come within the faculty's discretion are handled in the most



unambiguous spirit of responsible deliberation。 Each added move



of elaboration is taken only after the deliberative body has



assured itself that it embodies a needed enhancement of the



efficiency of the system of control。 But each improvement and



amplification also unavoidably brings the need of further



specification and apparatus; desired to take care of further



refinements of doubt and detail that arise out of the last



previous extensions of the mechanism。 The remedy sought in all



such conjunctures is to bring in further specifications and



definitions; with the effect of continually making two



specifications grow where one grew before; each of which in its



turn will necessarily have to be hedged about on both sides by



like specifications; with like effect;(12*) with the consequence



that the grading and credit system is subject to a ceaseless



proliferation of ever more meticulous detail。 The underlying



difficulty appears to be not that the collective wisdom of the



faculty is bent on its own stultification; as an unsympathetic



outsider might hastily conclude; but that there is in all the



deliberations of such a body a total disregard of common sense。



It is; presumably; not that the constituent members are quite



devoid of that quality; but rather that no point in their



elaboration of apparatus can feasibly be reached; beyond which a



working majority can be brought conscientiously to agree that



dependence may safely be placed on common sense rather than on



further and more meticulous and rigorous specification。







    It is at this point that the American system of fellowships



falls into the scheme of university policy; and here again the



effect of business principles and undergraduate machinery is to



be seen at work。 At its inception the purpose of these



fellowships was to encourage the best talent among the students



to pursue disinterested advanced study farther and with greater



singleness of purpose and it is quite plain that at that stage of



its growth the system was conceived to have no bearing on



intercollegiate competition or the statistics of registration。



This was something over thirty years ago。 A fellowship was an



honourable distinction; at the same time it was designed to



afford such a stipend as would enable the incumbent to devote his



undivided energies to scholastic work of a kind that would yield



no pecuniary return。 Ostensibly; such is still the sole purpose



of the fellowships; the traditional decencies require (voluble



and reiterated) professions to that effect。 But in point of



practical effect; and progressively; concomitant with the



incursion of business principles into university policy; the



exigencies of competitive academic enterprise have turned the



fellowships to account in their own employ。 So that; in effect;



today the rival universities use the fellowships to bid against



one another for fellows to come into residence; to swell the



statistics of graduate registration and increase the number of



candidates for advanced degrees。 And the eligible students have



learned so to regard the matter; and are quite callously



exploiting the system in that sense。



    Not that the fellowships have altogether lost that character



of a scholarly stipendiary with which they started out; but they



have; under businesslike management; acquired a use not



originally intended; and the new; competitive use of them is



unequivocally their main use today。 It would be hazardous to



guess just how far the directorates of the rival universities



consciously turn the fellowships to account in this enterprising



way; or how far; on the other hand; they are able to let



self…deception cover the policy of competitive bargaining in



which they are engaged; but it would be difficult to believe that



their right hand is altogether ignorant of what their left hand



is doing。 It would doubtless also be found that both the practice



and the animus back of it differ appreciably from one school to



another。 But there is no element of hazard in the generalization



that; by and large; such competitive use of the fellowships is



today their chief use; and that such is the fact is quite openly



avowed among the academic staff of some universities at least。



    As a sequel and symptom of this use of the fellowship



stipends in bargaining for an enlarged enrolment of advanced



students; it has become a moot question in academic policy



whether a larger number of fellowships with smaller stipends will



give a more advantageous net statistical result than a smaller



number of more adequate stipends。 An administration that looks



chiefly to the short…term returns  as is commonly the practice



in latterday business enterprise  will sensibly incline to make



the stipends small and numerous; while the converse will be true



where regard is had primarily to the enrolment of carefully



selected men who may reflect credit on the institution in the



long run。 Up…to…date business policy will apparently commend the



former rather than the latter course; for business practice; in



its later phases; is eminently guided by consideration of



short…term gains。 It is also true that the average stipend



attached to the fellowships offered today is very appreciably



lower than was the practice some two or three decades ago; at the



same time that the cost of living  which these stipends were



originally designed to cover  has increased by something like



one hundred per cent。 As final evidence of the decay of scholarly



purpose in the matter of fellowships; and as a climax of



stultification; it is to be added that stipends originally



established as an encouragement to disinterested scholarship are



latterly being used to induce enrolment in the professional



schools attached to the universities。(13*)







    One further point of contact and contamination is necessary



to be brought into this account of the undergraduate



administration and its bearing on advanced work。 The scholastic



accessories spoken of above 

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