the higher learning in america-µÚ26ÕÂ
°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡
into¡¡a¡¡question¡¡as¡¡to¡¡the¡¡purposes¡¡sought¡¡by¡¡the¡¡installation¡¡of
such¡¡a¡¡system¡£
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡For¡¡the¡¡everyday¡¡work¡¡of¡¡the¡¡higher¡¡learning£»¡¡as¡¡such£»¡¡little
of¡¡a¡¡hierarchical¡¡gradation£»¡¡and¡¡less¡¡of¡¡bureaucratic
subordination£»¡¡is¡¡needful¡¡or¡¡serviceable£»¡¡and¡¡very¡¡little¡¡of
statistical¡¡uniformity£»¡¡standard¡¡units¡¡of¡¡erudition£»¡¡or¡¡detail
accountancy£»¡¡is¡¡at¡¡all¡¡feasible¡£¡¡This¡¡work¡¡is¡¡not¡¡of¡¡a¡¡mechanical
character¡¡and¡¡does¡¡not¡¡lend¡¡itself£»¡¡either¡¡in¡¡its¡¡methods¡¡or¡¡its
results£»¡¡to¡¡any¡¡mechanically¡¡standardized¡¡scheme¡¡of¡¡measurements
or¡¡to¡¡a¡¡system¡¡of¡¡accounting¡¡per¡¡cent¡¡per¡¡time¡¡unit¡£¡¡This¡¡range
of¡¡instruction¡¡consists¡¡substantially¡¡in¡¡the¡¡facilitation¡¡of
scholarly¡¡and¡¡scientific¡¡habits¡¡of¡¡thought£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡imposition¡¡of
any¡¡appreciable¡¡measure¡¡of¡¡such¡¡standardization¡¡and¡¡accounting
must¡¡unavoidably¡¡weaken¡¡and¡¡vitiate¡¡the¡¡work¡¡of¡¡instruction£»¡¡in
just¡¡the¡¡degree¡¡in¡¡which¡¡the¡¡imposed¡¡system¡¡is¡¡effective¡£
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡It¡¡is¡¡not¡¡within¡¡the¡¡purpose¡¡of¡¡this¡¡inquiry¡¡to¡¡go¡¡into¡¡the
bearing¡¡of¡¡all¡¡this¡¡on¡¡the¡¡collegiate¡¡£¨undergraduate£©¡¡departments
or¡¡on¡¡the¡¡professional¡¡and¡¡technical¡¡schools¡¡associated¡¡with¡¡the
university¡¡proper¡¡in¡¡American¡¡practice¡£¡¡But¡¡something¡¡of¡¡a
detailed¡¡discussion¡¡of¡¡the¡¡system¡¡and¡¡principles¡¡of¡¡control
applied¡¡in¡¡these¡¡schools¡¡is¡¡necessary¡¡because¡¡of¡¡its¡¡incidental
bearing¡¡on¡¡graduate¡¡work¡£
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡It¡¡is¡¡plain¡¡beyond¡¡need¡¡of¡¡specification¡¡that¡¡in¡¡the
practical¡¡view¡¡of¡¡the¡¡public¡¡at¡¡large£»¡¡and¡¡of¡¡the¡¡governing
boards£»¡¡the¡¡university¡¡is¡¡primarily¡¡an¡¡undergraduate¡¡school£»¡¡with
graduate¡¡and¡¡professional¡¡departments¡¡added¡¡to¡¡it¡£¡¡And¡¡it¡¡is
similarly¡¡plain¡¡that¡¡the¡¡captains¡¡of¡¡erudition¡¡chosen¡¡as
executive¡¡heads¡¡share¡¡the¡¡same¡¡preconceptions£»¡¡and¡¡go¡¡to¡¡their
work¡¡with¡¡a¡¡view¡¡primarily¡¡to¡¡the¡¡needs¡¡of¡¡their¡¡undergraduate
departments¡£¡¡The¡¡businesslike¡¡order¡¡and¡¡system¡¡introduced¡¡into
the¡¡universities£»¡¡therefore£»¡¡are¡¡designed¡¡primarily¡¡to¡¡meet¡¡the
needs¡¡and¡¡exploit¡¡the¡¡possibilities¡¡of¡¡the¡¡undergraduate¡¡school£»
but£»¡¡by¡¡force¡¡of¡¡habit£»¡¡by¡¡a¡¡desire¡¡of¡¡uniformity£»¡¡by¡¡a¡¡desire¡¡to
control¡¡and¡¡exhibit¡¡the¡¡personnel¡¡and¡¡their¡¡work£»¡¡by¡¡heedless
imitation£»¡¡or¡¡what¡¡not£»¡¡it¡¡invariably¡¡happens¡¡that¡¡the¡¡same
scheme¡¡of¡¡order¡¡and¡¡system¡¡is¡¡extended¡¡to¡¡cover¡¡the¡¡graduate¡¡work
also¡£
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡While¡¡it¡¡is¡¡the¡¡work¡¡of¡¡science¡¡and¡¡scholarship£»¡¡roughly¡¡what
is¡¡known¡¡in¡¡American¡¡usage¡¡as¡¡graduate¡¡work£»¡¡that¡¡gives¡¡the
university¡¡its¡¡rank¡¡as¡¡a¡¡seat¡¡of¡¡learning¡¡and¡¡keeps¡¡it¡¡in
countenance¡¡as¡¡such¡¡with¡¡laymen¡¡and¡¡scholars£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡the
undergraduate¡¡school£»¡¡or¡¡college£»¡¡that¡¡still¡¡continues¡¡to¡¡be¡¡the
larger¡¡fact£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡still¡¡engages¡¡the¡¡greater¡¡and¡¡more
immediate¡¡attention¡¡in¡¡university¡¡management¡£¡¡This¡¡is¡¡due¡¡in¡¡part
to¡¡received¡¡American¡¡usage£»¡¡in¡¡part¡¡to¡¡its¡¡more¡¡readily¡¡serving
the¡¡ends¡¡of¡¡competitive¡¡ambition£»¡¡and¡¡it¡¡is¡¡a¡¡fact¡¡in¡¡the¡¡current
academic¡¡situation¡¡which¡¡must¡¡be¡¡counted¡¡in¡¡as¡¡a¡¡chronic
discrepancy£»¡¡not¡¡to¡¡be¡¡got¡¡clear¡¡of¡¡or¡¡to¡¡be¡¡appreciably
mitigated¡¡so¡¡long¡¡as¡¡business¡¡principles¡¡continue¡¡to¡¡rule¡£
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡What¡¡counts¡¡toward¡¡the¡¡advancement¡¡of¡¡learning¡¡and¡¡the
scholarly¡¡character¡¡of¡¡the¡¡university¡¡is¡¡the¡¡graduate¡¡work£»¡¡but
what¡¡gives¡¡statistically¡¡formidable¡¡results¡¡in¡¡the¡¡way¡¡of¡¡a
numerous¡¡enrolment£»¡¡many¡¡degrees¡¡conferred£»¡¡public¡¡exhibitions£»
courses¡¡of¡¡instruction¡¡¡¡in¡¡short¡¡what¡¡rolls¡¡up¡¡a¡¡large¡¡showing
of¡¡turnover¡¡and¡¡output¡¡¡¡is¡¡the¡¡perfunctory¡¡work¡¡of¡¡the
undergraduate¡¡department£»¡¡as¡¡well¡¡as¡¡the¡¡array¡¡of¡¡vocational
schools¡¡latterly¡¡subjoined¡¡as¡¡auxiliaries¡¡to¡¡this¡¡end¡£¡¡Hence¡¡the
needs¡¡and¡¡possibilities¡¡of¡¡the¡¡undergraduate¡¡and¡¡vocational
schools¡¡are¡¡primarily£»¡¡perhaps¡¡rather¡¡solely£»¡¡had¡¡in¡¡view¡¡in¡¡the
bureaucratic¡¡organization¡¡of¡¡the¡¡courses¡¡of¡¡instruction£»¡¡in¡¡the
selection¡¡of¡¡the¡¡personnel£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡divisions¡¡of¡¡the¡¡school¡¡year£»
as¡¡well¡¡as¡¡in¡¡the¡¡various¡¡accessory¡¡attractions¡¡offered£»¡¡such¡¡as
the¡¡athletic¡¡equipment£»¡¡facilities¡¡for¡¡fraternity¡¡and¡¡other¡¡club
life£»¡¡debates£»¡¡exhibitions¡¡and¡¡festivities£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡customary
routine¡¡of¡¡devotional¡¡amenities¡¡under¡¡official¡¡sanction¡£
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡undergraduate¡¡or¡¡collegiate¡¡schools£»¡¡that¡¡now¡¡bulk¡¡so
large¡¡in¡¡point¡¡of¡¡numbers¡¡as¡¡well¡¡as¡¡in¡¡the¡¡attention¡¡devoted¡¡to
their¡¡welfare¡¡in¡¡academic¡¡management£»¡¡have¡¡undergone¡¡certain
notable¡¡changes¡¡in¡¡other¡¡respects¡¡than¡¡size£»¡¡since¡¡the¡¡period¡¡of
that¡¡shifting¡¡from¡¡clerical¡¡control¡¡to¡¡a¡¡business¡¡administration
that¡¡marks¡¡the¡¡beginning¡¡of¡¡the¡¡current¡¡régime¡£¡¡Concomitant¡¡with
their¡¡growth¡¡in¡¡numbers¡¡they¡¡have¡¡taken¡¡over¡¡an¡¡increasing¡¡volume
of¡¡other¡¡functions¡¡than¡¡such¡¡as¡¡bear¡¡directly¡¡on¡¡matters¡¡of
learning¡£¡¡At¡¡the¡¡same¡¡time¡¡the¡¡increase¡¡in¡¡numbers¡¡has¡¡brought¡¡a
change¡¡in¡¡the¡¡scholastic¡¡complexion¡¡of¡¡this¡¡enlarged¡¡student
body£»¡¡of¡¡such¡¡a¡¡nature¡¡that¡¡a¡¡very¡¡appreciable¡¡proportion¡¡of
these¡¡students¡¡no¡¡longer¡¡seek¡¡residence¡¡at¡¡the¡¡universities¡¡with
a¡¡view¡¡to¡¡the¡¡pursuit¡¡of¡¡knowledge£»¡¡even¡¡ostensibly¡£¡¡By¡¡force¡¡of
conventional¡¡propriety¡¡a¡¡¡¨college¡¡course¡¨¡¡¡¡the¡¡due¡¡term¡¡of
residence¡¡at¡¡some¡¡reputable¡¡university£»¡¡with¡¡the¡¡collegiate
degree¡¡certifying¡¡honourable¡¡discharge¡¡¡¡has¡¡become¡¡a¡¡requisite
of¡¡gentility¡£¡¡So¡¡considerable¡¡is¡¡the¡¡resulting¡¡genteel¡¡contingent
among¡¡the¡¡students£»¡¡and¡¡so¡¡desirable¡¡is¡¡their¡¡enrolment¡¡and¡¡the
countenance¡¡of¡¡their¡¡presence£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡apprehension¡¡of¡¡the
university¡¡directorate£»¡¡that¡¡the¡¡academic¡¡organization¡¡is¡¡in
great¡¡part£»¡¡and¡¡of¡¡strategic¡¡necessity£»¡¡adapted¡¡primarily¡¡to
their¡¡needs¡£
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡This¡¡contingent£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡general¡¡body¡¡of¡¡students¡¡in¡¡so¡¡far
as¡¡this¡¡contingent¡¡from¡¡the¡¡leisure¡¡class¡¡has¡¡leavened¡¡the¡¡lump£»
are¡¡not¡¡so¡¡seriously¡¡interested¡¡in¡¡their¡¡studies¡¡that¡¡they¡¡can¡¡in
any¡¡degree¡¡be¡¡counted¡¡on¡¡to¡¡seek¡¡knowledge¡¡on¡¡their¡¡own
initiative¡£¡¡At¡¡the¡¡same¡¡time¡¡they¡¡have¡¡other¡¡interests¡¡that¡¡must
be¡¡taken¡¡care¡¡of¡¡by¡¡the¡¡school£»¡¡on¡¡pain¡¡of¡¡losing¡¡their¡¡custom
and¡¡their¡¡good¡¡will£»¡¡to¡¡the¡¡detriment¡¡of¡¡the¡¡university's
standing¡¡in¡¡genteel¡¡circles¡¡and¡¡to¡¡the¡¡serious¡¡decline¡¡in
enrolment¡¡which¡¡their¡¡withdrawal¡¡would¡¡occasion¡£¡¡Hence¡¡college
sports¡¡come¡¡in¡¡for¡¡an¡¡ever¡¡increasing¡¡attention¡¡and¡¡take¡¡an
increasingly¡¡prominent¡¡and¡¡voluminous¡¡place¡¡in¡¡the¡¡university's
life£»¡¡as¡¡do¡¡also¡¡other¡¡politely¡¡blameless¡¡ways¡¡and¡¡means¡¡of
dissipation£»¡¡such¡¡as¡¡fraternities£»¡¡clubs£»¡¡exhibitions£»¡¡and¡¡the
extensive¡¡range¡¡of¡¡extra¡scholastic¡¡traffic¡¡known¡¡as¡¡¡¨student
activities¡£¡¨
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡At¡¡the¡¡same¡¡time¡¡the¡¡usual¡¡and¡¡average¡¡age¡¡of¡¡the¡¡college
students¡¡has¡¡been¡¡slowly¡¡falling¡¡farther¡¡back¡¡into¡¡the¡¡period¡¡of
adolescence£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡irregularities¡¡and¡¡uncertain¡¡temper¡¡of¡¡that
uneasy¡¡period¡¡consequently¡¡are¡¡calling¡¡for¡¡more¡¡detailed
surveillance¡¡and¡¡a¡¡more¡¡circumspect¡¡administration¡¡of¡¡college
discipline¡£¡¡With¡¡a¡¡body¡¡of¡¡students¡¡whose¡¡everyday¡¡interest£»¡¡as
may¡¡be¡¡said¡¡without¡¡exaggeration£»¡¡lies¡¡in¡¡the¡¡main¡¡elsewhere¡¡than
in¡¡the¡¡pursuit¡¡of¡¡knowledge£»¡¡and¡¡with¡¡an¡¡imperative¡¡tradition
still¡¡standing¡¡over¡¡that¡¡requires¡¡the¡¡college¡¡to¡¡be¡¡£¨ostensibly
at¡¡least£©¡¡an¡¡establishment¡¡for¡¡the¡¡instruction¡¡of¡¡the¡¡youth£»¡¡it
becomes¡¡necessary¡¡to¡¡organize¡¡this¡¡instruction¡¡on¡¡a¡¡coercive
plan£»¡¡and¡¡hence¡¡to¡¡itemize¡¡the¡¡scholastic¡¡tasks¡¡of¡¡the¡¡inmates
with¡¡great¡¡nicety¡¡of¡¡subdivision¡¡and¡¡with¡¡a¡¡meticulous¡¡regard¡¡to
an¡¡exact¡¡equivalence¡¡as¡¡between¡¡the¡¡various¡¡courses¡¡and¡¡items¡¡of
instruction¡¡to¡¡which¡¡they¡¡are¡¡to¡¡be¡¡subjected¡£¡¡Likewise¡¡as
regards¡¡the¡¡limits¡¡of¡¡permissible¡¡irregularities¡¡of¡¡conduct¡¡and
excursions¡¡into¡¡the¡¡field¡¡of¡¡sports¡¡and¡¡social¡¡amenities¡£
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡To¡¡meet¡¡the¡¡necessities¡¡of¡¡this¡¡difficult¡¡control£»¡¡and¡¡to
meet¡¡them¡¡always¡¡without¡¡jeopardizing¡¡the¡¡interests¡¡of¡¡the¡¡school
as¡¡a¡¡competitive¡¡concern£»¡¡a¡¡close¡cut¡¡mechanical¡¡standardization£»
uniformity£»¡¡surveillance¡¡and¡¡accountancy¡¡are¡¡indi