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the higher learning in america-第15章

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which might be taken advantage of as an occasion for the pooling



of common issues among the universities; might hopefully be



expected to be welcomed as a measure of present relief from some



part of the pecuniary strain under which they are now working。



    But competition is well ingrained in the habitual outlook of



the American schools。 To take the issue to neutral ground;



therefore; where this competitive animus may hopefully be counted



on to find some salutary abatement; it may be suggested that a



practicable nucleus for this proposed joint enterprise can well



be found in one or another  perhaps in one and another  of



those extra…academic foundations for research of which there



already are several in existence;  as; e。g。; the Carnegie



Institution。 With somewhat enlarged powers; or perhaps rather



with some abatement of restrictions; and with such additional



funds as may be required; the necessary work and organization



should readily be taken care of by such an institution。 Further



growth and ramification would be left to future counsel and



advisement。



    The contemplated enterprise would necessarily require a



certain planning and organization of work and something in the



way of an administrative and clerical staff;a setting up of



something in the way of 〃organization tables〃; but there can be



no question of offering detailed proposals on that head here。 Yet



the caution may well be entered here that few specifications are



better than many; in these premises; and that the larger the



latitude allowed from the outset; the fewer the seeds of eventual



defeat;  as is abundantly illustrated by contraries。



    It is also evident that such an enterprise will involve



provision for some expenditure of funds; presumably a somewhat



generous expenditure; which comes near implying that recourse



should be had to the public revenues; or to resources that may



legitimately be taken over by the public authorities from private



hands where they now serve no useful purpose。 There are many



items of material resources in the country that come legitimately



under this head。 At the same time it is well in this connection



to call to mind that there is no prospect of the country's being



in any degree impoverished in the course of the war; so that



there need be no apprehension of a shortage of means for the



carrying on of such an enterprise; if only the available sources



are drawn on without prejudice。 In the mind of any disinterested



student of the American economic situation; there can be no



serious apprehension that the American people; collectively; will



be at all worse off in point of disposable means at the close of



the war than they were at its beginning; quite the contrary in



fact。 To any one who will look to the facts it is evident that



the experience of the war; and the measures taken and to be



taken; are leading to a heightened industrial productiveness and



a concomitant elimination of waste。 The resulting net gain in



productive efficiency has not gone at all far; and there need be



no apprehension of its going to great lengths; but; for more or



less; it is going so far as safely to promise a larger net annual



production of useful goods in the immediate future than in the



immediate past; and the disposable means of any people is always



a matter of the net annual production; and it need be a question



of nothing else。 The manner in which this net product is; and is



to be; shared among the classes and individuals of the community



is another question; which does not belong here。



    A question of graver weight and of greater perplexity touches



the presumptive attitude of the several universities and their



discretionary authorities in the face of any proposed measure of



this kind; where the scope of the enterprise is so far beyond



their habitual range of interest。 When one calls to mind the



habitual parochialism of the governing boards of these seminaries



of the higher learning; and the meticulous manoeuvres of their



executives seeking each to enhance his own prestige and the



prestige of his own establishment; there is not much of an



evident outlook for large and generous measures looking to the



common good。 And yet it is also to be called to mind that these



governing boards and executives are; after all; drawn from the



common stock of humanity; picked men as they may be; and that



they are subject; after all; to somewhat the same impulses and



infirmities as the common run; picked though they may be with a



view to parochialism and blameless futility。 Now; what is



overtaking the temper of the common run under the strain of the



war situation should be instructive as to what may be also looked



for at the bands of these men in whose discretion rest the



fortunes of the American universities。 There should be at least a



fighting chance that; with something larger; manlier; more



substantial; to occupy their attention and to shape the day's



work for them; these seminaries of learning may; under instant



pressure; turn their best efforts to their ostensible purpose;



〃the increase and diffusion of knowledge among men;〃 and to



forego their habitual preoccupation with petty intrigue and



bombastic publicity; until the return of idler days。







NOTES:







1。 An inquiry of this kind has been attempted elsewhere: Cf。 The



Instinct of Workmanship。 chapter vii; pp。 321…340; 〃The Place of



Science in Modern Civilization〃; American Journal of Sociology。



Vol。 XI (March; 1906); pp。 585…609; 〃The Evolution of the



Scientific Point of View;〃 University of California Chronicle



(1908); Vol。 X; No。 4; pp。 395…416。







2。 Cf。 The Instinct of Workmanship and the State of the



Industrial Arts; ch。i and pp。 30…45; 52…62; 84…89。







3。 In the crude surmises of the pioneers in pragmatism this



proposition was implicitly denied; in their later and more



advisedly formulated positions the expositors of pragmatism have



made peace with it。







4。 The essential function of the university is to bring together;



for the transmission of experience and impulse; the sages of the



passing and the picked youths of the coming generation。 By the



extent and fulness with which they establish these social



contacts; and thus transmit the wave of cumulative experience and



idealist impulse  the real sources of moral and intellectual



progress  the universities are to be judged。  Victor



Branford; Interpretations and Forecasts; ch。 VI。 〃The Present as



a Transition。〃 p 288。







5。 Cf。; Geo。 T。 Ladd; University Control; p。 349。







6。 Cf。; e。g。; J。 McKeen Cattell; University Control; Part III;



ch。 V。; 〃Concerning the American University。〃 〃The university is



those who teach and those who learn and the work they do。〃 〃The



university is its men and their work。 But certain externals are



necessary or at least usual  buildings and equipment; a



president and trustees。〃



    〃The papers by other writers associated with Mr Cattell in



this volume run to the same effect whenever they touch the same



topic; and; indeed; it would be difficult to find a deliberate



expression to the contrary among men entitled to speak in these



premises。



    It may be in place to add here that the volume referred to;



on University Control; has been had in mind throughout the



following analysis and has served as ground and material for much



of the argument。







7。 Cf。 The Instinct of Workmanship; ch。 vi; vii。







8。 With the current reactionary trend of things political and



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