captains of the civil war-第38章
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d not hope for foreign intervention。 So losing their chance at home made them lose it abroad as well。
Burnside was dazed by his defeat and the appalling loss of life in vain。 But after five weeks of most discouraging inaction he tried to surprise Lee by crossing the Rappahannock several miles higher up。 On the twentieth and twenty…first of that miserable January the Federal army ploughed its dreary way through sloughs of gluey mud under torrents of chilling rain。 Then； when the pace had slackened to a funereal crawl； and the absurdly little chance of surprising Lee had vanished altogether； this despairing 〃Mud March〃 came to its wretched end。 Four days later Burnside was superseded by one of his own subordinates； General Joseph Hooker； known to all ranks as 〃Fighting Joe Hooker。〃
Fredericksburg； the spell of relaxing winter quarters beside the fatal Rappahannock； and then the fatal 〃Mud March；〃 combined to lower Federal morale。 Yet the mass of the men； being composed of fine human material； quickly recovered under 〃Fighting Joe Hooker；〃 who knew what discipline meant。 Numbers and discipline tell。 But disciplined numbers were not the only or even the greatest menace to the South。 For here； as farther west； the Confederate Government was beginning to be foolish just as the Federal Government showed signs of growing wise。 Lincoln and Stanton were giving Joe Hooker a fairly free hand just when Davis and Seddon （his makeshift minister of war） were using Confederate forces as puppets to be pulled about by Cabinet strings from Richmond。 Here again （as later on at Chattanooga） Longstreet was sent away on a useless errand just when he was needed most by Lee。 Good soldier though he was in many ways he was no such man as Stonewall Jackson； and； in this one year； he failed his seniors thrice。
It is true enough that the April situation of 1863 might well shake governmental nerves； for Richmond was being menaced from three points north； southeast； and south： Fredericksburg due north； Suffolk southeast； Newbern south。 Newbern in North Carolina was a long way off。 But its possession by an active enemy threatened the rail connection from Richmond south to Wilmington； Charleston； and Savannah； the only three Atlantic ports through which the South could get supplies from overseas。 Suffolk was nearer。 It covered the landward side of Norfolk； which； with Fortress Monroe； might become the base of a new Peninsula Campaign。 But Fredericksburg was nearest； nearest to Richmond； nearest to Washington； nearest to the main Southern force； and not only nearest but strongest； in every way strongest and most to be feared。 〃Fighting Joe Hooker〃 was there； with a hundred and thirty thousand men； already stirring for the spring campaign that was to wipe out memories of Fredericksburg； make short work of Lee； and end the war at Richmond。
Yet Longstreet cheerfully marched off； pleased with his new command； to see what he could do to soothe the Government by winning laurels for himself at Suffolk。 On the seventeenth； just two weeks before the supreme test came on Lee's weakened army at Chancellorsville； Longstreet reported to Seddon that Suffolk would cost three thousand men； if taken by assault； or three days' heavy firing if subdued by bombardment。 Shrinking from such expenditure of life or ammunition； Davis； Seddon； and Longstreet fell back on a siege； which； preventing all junction with Lee； might well have cost the ruin of their cause。
Lee and Jackson then prepared to make the best of a bad business along the Rappahannock； and to snatch victory once more； if possible； from the very jaws of death。 The prospect was grimmer than before。 Hooker was a better fighter than McClellan and wiser than Burnside or Pope。 Moreover； after two years of war； the Union Government had at last found out that civilian detectives knew less about armies than expert staff officers know； and that cavalry which was something more than mere men on horses could collect a little information too。 Hooker knew Lee's strength as well as his own。 So he decided to hold Lee fast with one part of the big Federal army； turn his flank with another； and cut his line of supply and retreat with Stoneman's ten thousand sabers as well。 The respective grand totals were 130；000 Federals against 62；000 Confederates。
So far； so good； so very good indeed that Hooker and his staff were as nearly free from care on May Day as headquarter men can ever be in the midst of vital operations。 Hooker had just reason to be proud of the Army of the Potomac and of his own work in reviving it。 He had； indeed； issued one bombastic order of the day in which he called it 〃the finest on the planet。〃 But even this might be excused in view of the popular call for encouraging words。 What was more to the point was the reestablishment of Federal morale； which had been terribly shaken after the great Mud March。 Hooker's sworn evidence （as given in the official 〃Report of Committee on the Conduct of the War〃） speaks for itself： 〃The moment I was placed in command I caused a return to be made of the absentees of the army； and found the number to be 2922 commissioned officers and 81；964 non…commissioned officers and privates。 They were scattered all over the country； and the majority were absent from causes unknown。〃
On the twenty…eighth of April Stuart saw the redisciplined Federals in motion far up the Rappahannock； while next day Jackson saw others laying pontoons thirty miles lower down； just on the seaward side of Fredericksburg。 Lee took this news with genial calm； remarking to the aide： 〃Well； I heard firing and was beginning to think it was time some of your lazy young fellows were coming to tell me what it was about。 Tell your good general he knows what to do with the enemy just as well as I do。〃 On the thirtieth it became quite clear that Hooker was bent on turning Lee's left and that he had divided his army to do so。 Jackson wished to attack Sedgwick's 35；000 Federals still on the plains of Fredericksburg。 But Lee convinced him that the better way would be to hold these men with 10；000 Confederates in the fortified position on the confronting heights while the remaining 52；000 should try to catch Hooker himself between the jaws of a trap in the forest round Chancellorsville； where the Federal masses would be far more likely to get out of hand。 It was an extremely daring maneuver to be setting this trap when Sedgwick had enough men to storm the heights of Fredericksburg； when Stoneman was on the line of communication with the south； and when Hooker himself； with superior numbers； was gaining Lee's rear。 But Lee had Jackson as his lieutenant； not Longstreet； as he was to have at Gettysburg。
Hooker's movements were rapid； well arranged； and admirably executed up to the evening of the first of May； when； finding those of the enemy very puzzling among the dense woods； he chose the worst of three alternatives。 The first and best； an immediate counter…attack； would have kept up his army's morale and； if well executed； revealed his own greater strength。 The second； a continued advance till he reached clearer ground； might have succeeded or not。 The third and worst was to stand on his defense； a plan which； however sound in other places； was fatal here； because it not only depressed the spirits of his army but gave two men of genius the initiative against him in a country where they were at home and he was not。 The absence of ten thousand cavalry baffled his efforts to get trustworthy information on the ground； while the dense woods baffled his balloons from above。 On the second of May he still thought the initiative was his； that the Confederates were retreating； and that his own jaws were closing on them instead of theirs on him。
Meanwhile； owing to miscalculations of the space that had to be held in force； his right was not only thrown forward too far but presented a flank in the air。 This was the flank round which Stonewall Jackson maneuvered with such consummate skill that it was taken on three sides and rolled up in fatal confusion。 Its commander； the very capable General O。O。 Howard； who perceived the mistake he could not correct； tried hard to stay the rout。 But； as his whole reserve had been withdrawn
