captains of the civil war-第24章
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impossible duty till the middle of July； when his punishment for Shiloh was completed by his promotion to command a depleted remnant of Halleck's Grand Army。 It is not by any means the least of Grant's claims to real greatness that； as a leader； he was able to survive his most searching trials： the surprise at Shiloh； the misunderstandings and arrest that followed Shiloh； the slur of being made a fifth…wheel second…in…command； the demoralizing strain of that 〃most anxious period of the war〃 when his depleted forces were thrown back on the defensive； and the eight discouraging months of Sisyphean offensive which preceded his triumph at Vicksburg。 No one who has not been in the heart of things with fighting fleets or armies can realize what it means to all ranks when there is； or even is supposed to be； 〃something wrong〃 with the living pivot on which the whole force turns。 And only those who have been behind the scenes of war's all…testing drama can understand what it means for even an imagined 〃failure〃 to 〃come back。〃
Corinth was of immense importance to both sides； as it commanded the rails not only east and west； from the Tennessee to Memphis； but north and south； from the Ohio to New Orleans and Mobile。 Though New Orleans was taken by Farragut on the twenty…fifth of April； the rails between Vicksburg and Port Hudson remained in Confederate hands till next year； while Mobile remained so till the year after that。
Beauregard collected all the troops he could at Corinth。 Yet； even with Van Dorn's and other reinforcements； he had only sixty thousand effectives against Halleck's double numbers。 Moreover； the loss of three States and many battles had so shaken the Confederate forces that they stood no chance whatever against Halleck's double numbers in the open。 All the same； Halleck burrowed slowly forward like a mole； entrenching every night as if the respective strengths and victories had been reversed。
After advancing nearly a mile a day Halleck closed in on Corinth。 He was so deeply entrenched that no one could tell from appearances which side was besieging the other。 Towards the end of May many Federal railwaymen reported that empty trains could be heard running into Corinth and full trains running out。 But； as the Confederates greeted each arriving 〃empty〃 with tremendous Cheers； Halleck felt sure that Beauregard was being greatly reinforced。 The Confederate bluff worked to admiration。 On the twenty…sixth Beauregard issued orders for complete evacuation on the twenty…ninth。 On the thirtieth Halleck drew up his whole grand army ready for a desperate defense against an enemy that had already gone a full day's march away。
In the meantime the Federal flotilla had been fighting its way down the Mississippi； under （the invalided） Foote's very capable successor； Flag…Officer Charles Henry Davis。 The Confederates had very few naval men on the river； but many of their Mississippi skippers were game to the death。 They rammed Federal vessels on the tenth of May at Fort Pillow； eighty miles above Memphis。 Eight of their fighting craft were strongly built and heavily armored； though very deficient in speed。 The Federal flotilla was very well manned by first…class naval ratings； and was reinforced early in June by seven fast new rams； commanded by their designer； Colonel Charles Ellet； a famous civil engineer。
At sunrise on the lovely sixth of June the Federal flotilla； having overcome the Confederate posts farther north and being joined by Ellet's rams； lay near Memphis。 The Confederates came upstream to the attack； expecting to ram the gunboats in the stern as they had at Fort Pillow。 But Ellet suddenly darted down on the eight Confederate ironclads； caught one of them on the broadside； sank her； and disabled two others。 The action then became general。 The overmatched Confederates kept up a losing battle for more than an hour； in full view of many thousands of ardent Southerners ashore。 The scene； at its height； was appalling。 The smoke； belching black from the funnels and white from the guns； made a suffocating pall overhead； while the dark； squat； hideous ironclad hulls seemed to have risen from a submarine inferno to stab each other with livid tongues of flameso deadly close the two flotillas fought。 When the awful hour was over the Confederates were not only defeated but destroyed； and a wail went up from the thousands of their anguished friends； as if the very shores were mourning。
For the next month Grant held the command at Memphis。 Then； on the eleventh of July； Halleck was recalled to Washington as General…in…Chief of the whole army； while Pope was transferred to Virginia。 The Federal invasion of Virginia under that 〃Young Napoleon；〃 McClellan； had not been a success against Lee and Stonewall Jackson。 Nor did it improve with Pope at the front and Halleck in the rear； as we shall presently see； though Halleck had declared that Pope's operations at Island Number Ten were destined to immortal fame； and Pope himself admitted his own greatness in sundry proclamations to the world。
The campaign now entered its second phase。 The Virginian wing （of the whole front reaching from the Mississippi to the sea） was checked this summer； and was to remain more or less checked for many a long day。 The river wing； under the general direction of Halleck； had also reached its limit for '62 about the same time； after having conquered Kentucky and western Tennessee as well as the Mississippi down to Memphis。
This river wing was now depleted of some excellent troops and again divided into quite separate commands。 Buell commanded the Army of the Ohio。 Grant commanded his own Army of the Tennessee and Rosecrans's Army of the Mississippi。 Buell's scene of action lay between the tributary streamsOhio； Cumberland； and Tennesseewith Chattanooga as his ultimate objective。 Grant's scene of action lay along the southward rails and Mississippi； with Vicksburg as his ultimate objective。
The Confederates were of course set on recovering complete control of the line of Southern rails that made direct connections between the Mississippi Valley and the sea： crossing the western tributaries of the St。 Francis and White Rivers； then running east from Memphis； through Grand Junction； Corinth； and Iuka； to Chattanooga； thence forking off northeast； through Knoxville； to Washington； Richmond； and Norfolk； and southeast to Charleston and Savannah。 Confederate attention had originally been fixed on Corinth and Chattanooga。 But General O。 M。 Mitchel's abortive raid； just after Shiloh； had also drawn it to the part between。 The Federals therefore found their enemy alert at every point。
Braxton Bragg； Beauregard's successor and Buell's opponent； basing himself on Chattanooga； tried to drive his line of Confederate reconquest through the heart of Tennessee and thence through mid…Kentucky； with the Ohio as his ultimate objective。 His colleagues near the Mississippi； Van Dorn and Sterling Price； meanwhile tried to effect the reconquest of the Memphis…Corinth rails that Grant and Rosecrans were holding。
All main offensives； on both sides； ultimately failed in this latter half of the river campaign of '62。 So nothing but the bare fact that they were attempted needs any notice here。
In August； about the time that Lee and Jackson were maneuvering in Virginia to bring on the Second Bull Run； Price and Bragg began their respective advances against Grant and Buell。 Buell was at Murfreesboro； defending Nashville。 Bragg； screened by the hills of eastern Tennessee； made for the Ohio at Louisville and Cincinnati。 Pivoting on his left he wheeled his whole army round and raced for Louisville。 Buell enjoyed the advantage of rails over roads and of interior lines as well。 But Bragg had stolen several marches on him at the start and he only won by a head。
The Union Government； now thoroughly alarmed； sent Thomas to supersede Buell。 But Thomas declined to take over the command； and on the eighth of October Buell fought Bragg at Perryville。 There was no tactical defeat or victory； but Bragg retired on Chattanooga。 The Government now urged Buell to enter east Tennessee。 He protested that lack of transport and supplies made such a move impossible。 William S。 Ros
