on liberty-第9章

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ostensibly　Christian　sovereigns　who　have　since　reigned；　persecuted



Christianity。　Placed　at　the　summit　of　all　the　previous　attainments



of　humanity；　with　an　open；　unfettered　intellect；　and　a　character　which



led　him　of　himself　to　embody　in　his　moral　writings　the　Christian



ideal；　he　yet　failed　to　see　that　Christianity　was　to　be　a　good　and　not



an　evil　to　the　world；　with　his　duties　to　which　he　was　so　deeply



penetrated。　Existing　society　he　knew　to　be　in　a　deplorable　state。



But　such　as　it　was；　he　saw；　or　thought　he　saw；　that　it　was　held



together；　and　prevented　from　being　worse；　by　belief　and　reverence　of



the　received　divinities。　As　a　ruler　of　mankind；　he　deemed　it　his



duty　not　to　suffer　society　to　fall　in　pieces；　and　saw　not　how；　if



its　existing　ties　were　removed；　any　others　could　be　formed　which　could



again　knit　it　together。　The　new　religion　openly　aimed　at　dissolving



these　ties：　unless；　therefore；　it　was　his　duty　to　adopt　that　religion；



it　seemed　to　be　his　duty　to　put　it　down。　Inasmuch　then　as　the　theology



of　Christianity　did　not　appear　to　him　true　or　of　divine　origin；



inasmuch　as　this　strange　history　of　a　crucified　God　was　not　credible



to　him；　and　a　system　which　purported　to　rest　entirely　upon　a



foundation　to　him　so　wholly　unbelievable；　could　not　be　foreseen　by　him



to　be　that　renovating　agency　which；　after　all　abatements；　it　has　in



fact　proved　to　be；　the　gentlest　and　most　amiable　of　philosophers　and



rulers；　under　a　solemn　sense　of　duty；　authorised　the　persecution　of



Christianity。



　　To　my　mind　this　is　one　of　the　most　tragical　facts　in　all　history。　It



is　a　bitter　thought；　how　different　a　thing　the　Christianity　of　the



world　might　have　been；　if　the　Christian　faith　had　been　adopted　as



the　religion　of　the　empire　under　the　auspices　of　Marcus　Aurelius



instead　of　those　of　Constantine。　But　it　would　be　equally　unjust　to　him



and　false　to　truth　to　deny；　that　no　one　plea　which　can　be　urged　for



punishing　anti…Christian　teaching　was　wanting　to　Marcus　Aurelius　for



punishing；　as　he　did；　the　propagation　of　Christianity。　No　Christian



more　firmly　believes　that　Atheism　is　false；　and　tends　to　the



dissolution　of　society；　than　Marcus　Aurelius　believed　the　same



things　of　Christianity；　he　who；　of　all　men　then　living；　might　have



been　thought　the　most　capable　of　appreciating　it。　Unless　any　one　who



approves　of　punishment　for　the　promulgation　of　opinions；　flatters



himself　that　he　is　a　wiser　and　better　man　than　Marcus　Aurelius…　more



deeply　versed　in　the　wisdom　of　his　time；　more　elevated　in　his



intellect　above　it…　more　earnest　in　his　search　for　truth；　or　more



single…minded　in　his　devotion　to　it　when　found；　let　him　abstain　from



that　assumption　of　the　joint　infallibility　of　himself　and　the



multitude；　which　the　great　Antoninus　made　with　so　unfortunate　a



result。



　　Aware　of　the　impossibility　of　defending　the　use　of　punishment　for



restraining　irreligious　opinions　by　any　argument　which　will　not



justify　Marcus　Antoninus；　the　enemies　of　religious　freedom；　when



hard　pressed；　occasionally　accept　this　consequence；　and　say；　with



Dr。　Johnson；　that　the　persecutors　of　Christianity　were　in　the　right；



that　persecution　is　an　ordeal　through　which　truth　ought　to　pass；　and



always　passes　successfully；　legal　penalties　being；　in　the　end；



powerless　against　truth；　though　sometimes　beneficially　effective



against　mischievous　errors。　This　is　a　form　of　the　argument　for



religious　intolerance　sufficiently　remarkable　not　to　be　passed　without



notice。



　　A　theory　which　maintains　that　truth　may　justifiably　be　persecuted



because　persecution　cannot　possibly　do　it　any　harm；　cannot　be



charged　with　being　intentionally　hostile　to　the　reception　of　new



truths；　but　we　cannot　commend　the　generosity　of　its　dealing　with　the



persons　to　whom　mankind　are　indebted　for　them。　To　discover　to　the



world　something　which　deeply　concerns　it；　and　of　which　it　was



previously　ignorant；　to　prove　to　it　that　it　had　been　mistaken　on



some　vital　point　of　temporal　or　spiritual　interest；　is　as　important



a　service　as　a　human　being　can　render　to　his　fellow　creatures；　and



in　certain　cases；　as　in　those　of　the　early　Christians　and　of　the



Reformers；　those　who　think　with　Dr。　Johnson　believe　it　to　have　been



the　most　precious　gift　which　could　be　bestowed　on　mankind。　That　the



authors　of　such　splendid　benefits　should　be　requited　by　martyrdom；



that　their　reward　should　be　to　be　dealt　with　as　the　vilest　of



criminals；　is　not；　upon　this　theory；　a　deplorable　error　and



misfortune；　for　which　humanity　should　mourn　in　sackcloth　and　ashes；



but　the　normal　and　justifiable　state　of　things。　The　propounder　of　a



new　truth；　according　to　this　doctrine；　should　stand　as　stood；　in　the



legislation　of　the　Locrians；　the　proposer　of　a　new　law；　with　a



halter　round　his　neck；　to　be　instantly　tightened　if　the　public



assembly　did　not；　on　hearing　his　reasons；　then　and　there　adopt　his



proposition。　People　who　defend　this　mode　of　treating　benefactors



cannot　be　supposed　to　set　much　value　on　the　benefit；　and　I　believe



this　view　of　the　subject　is　mostly　confined　to　the　sort　of　persons　who



think　that　new　truths　may　have　been　desirable　once；　but　that　we　have



had　enough　of　them　now。



　　But；　indeed；　the　dictum　that　truth　always　triumphs　over



persecution　is　one　of　those　pleasant　falsehoods　which　men　repeat　after



one　another　till　they　pass　into　commonplaces；　but　which　all　experience



refutes。　History　teems　with　instances　of　truth　put　down　by



persecution。　If　not　suppressed　for　ever；　it　may　be　thrown　back　for



centuries。　To　speak　only　of　religious　opinions：　the　Reformation



broke　out　at　least　twenty　times　before　Luther；　and　was　put　down。



Arnold　of　Brescia　was　put　down。　Fra　Dolcino　was　put　down。　Savonarola



was　put　down。　The　Albigeois　were　put　down。　The　Vaudois　were　put



down。　The　Lollards　were　put　down。　The　Hussites　were　put　down。　Even



after　the　era　of　Luther；　wherever　persecution　was　persisted　in；　it　was



successful。　In　Spain；　Italy；　Flanders；　the　Austrian　empire；



Protestantism　was　rooted　out；　and；　most　likely；　would　have　been　so



in　England；　had　Queen　Mary　lived；　or　Queen　Elizabeth　died。　Persecution



has　always　succeeded；　save　where　the　heretics　were　too　strong　a



party　to　be　effectually　persecuted。　No　reasonable　person　can　doubt



that　Christianity　might　have　been　extirpated　in　the　Roman　Empire。　It



spread；　and　became　predominant；　because　the　persecutions　were　only



occasional；　lasting　but　a　short　time；　and　separated　by　long



intervals　of　almost　undisturbed　propagandism。　It　is　a　piece　of　idle



sentimentality　that　truth；　merely　as　truth；　has　any　inherent　power



denied　to　error　of　prevailing　against　the　dungeon　and　the　stake。　Men



are　not　more　zealous　for　truth　than　they　often　are　for　error；　and　a



sufficient　application　of　legal　or　even　of　social　penalties　will



generally　succeed　in　stopping　the　propagation　of　either。　The　real



advantage　which　truth　has　consists　in　this；　that　when　an　opinion　is



true；　it　may　be　extinguished　once；　twice；　or　many　times；　but　in　the



course　of　ages　there　will　generally　be　found　persons　to　rediscover　it；



until　some　one　of　its　reappearances　falls　on　a　time　when　from



favourable　circumstances　it　escapes　persecution　until　it　has　made　such



head　as　to　withstand　all　subsequent　attempts　to　suppress　it。



　　It　will　be　said；　that　we　do　not　now　put　to　death　the　introducers



of　new　opinions：　we　are　not　like　our　fathers　who　slew　the　prophets；　we



even　build　sepulchres　to　them。　It　is　true　we　no　longer　put　heretics　to



death；　and　the　amount　of　penal　infliction　which　modern　feeling　would



probably　tolerate；　even　against　the　most　obnoxious　opinions；　is　not



sufficient　to　extirpate　them。　But　let　us　not　flatter　ourselves　that　we



are　yet　free　from　the　stain　even　of　legal　persecution。　Penalties　for



opinion；　or　at　least　for　its　expression；