list2-第33章

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occasion　return　freights；　but；　on　the　contrary；　causes　the



unproductive　export　of　considerable　amounts　of　material　values（in



the　shape　of　implements；　utensils；　money；　&c。）。



　　　　It　is　clear　that　in　such　a　state　of　things；　where　the　national



division　of　labour　is　not　properly　developed；　neither　industry　nor



economy　can　bring　about　the　augmentation　of　the　material　capital



（material　enrichment　of　individuals）。



　　　　The　agricultural　country　is；　of　course；　rarely　quite　without



any　foreign　commerce；　and　foreign　commerce；　as　far　as　it　extends；



also　supplies　the　place　of　internal　manufactures　with　regard　to　the



augmentation　of　capital；　inasmuch　as　it　places　the　manufacturer　of



the　foreign　country　in　commercial　relation　with　the　agriculturist



of　the　home　country。　This；　however；　takes　place　only　partially　and



very　imperfectly；　firstly；　because　this　commerce　extends　merely　to



special　staple　products；　and　chiefly　only　to　those　districts　which



are　situated　on　the　sea…coast　and　on　navigable　rivers；　and



secondly；　because　it　is　in　any　case　but　a　very　irregular　one；　and



is　liable　to　be　frequently　interrupted　by　wars；　fluctuations　in



trade　and　changes　in　commercial　legislation；　by　specially　rich



harvests；　and　by　foreign　importations。



　　　　The　augmentation　of　the　material　agricultural　capital　can　only



take　place　on　a　large　scale；　with　regularity　and　continuously；　if



a　completely　developed　manufacturing　power　is　established　in　the



midst　of　the　agriculturists。



　　　　By　far　the　greatest　portion　of　the　material　capital　of　a　nation



is　bound　to　its　land　and　soil。　In　every　nation　the　value　of　landed



property；　of　dwelling　houses　in　rural　districts　and　in　towns；　of



workshops；　manufactories；　waterworks；　mines；　&c。　amounts　to　from



two…thirds　to　nine…tenths　of　the　entire　property　of　the　nation。　It



must　therefore　be　accepted　as　a　rule；　that　all　that　increases　or



decreases　the　value　of　the　fixed　property；　increases　or　decreases



the　total　of　the　material　capital　of　the　nation。　Now；　it　is　evident



that　the　capital　value　of　land　of　equal　natural　fertility　is



incomparably　larger　in　the　proximity　of　a　small　town　than　in　remote



districts；　that　this　value　is　incomparably　larger　still　in　the



neighbourhood　of　a　large　town　than　in　that　of　a　small　one；　and　that



in　manufacturing　nations　these　values　are　beyond　all　comparison



greater　than　in　mere　agricultural　nations。　We　may　observe



（inversely）　that　the　value　of　the　dwelling　houses　and　manufacturing



buildings　in　towns；　and　that　of　building　land；　rises　or　falls　（as



a　rule）　in　the　same　ratio　in　which　the　commercial　intercourse　of



the　town　with　the　agriculturists　is　extended　or　restricted；　or　in



which　the　prosperity　of　these　agriculturists　progresses　or　recedes。



From　this　it　is　evident　that　the　augmentation　of　the　agricultural



capital　is　dependent　on　the　augmentation　of　the　manufacturing



capital；　and　（inversely）　the　latter　on　the　former。（2*）



　　　　This　reciprocal　action　is；　however；　in　the　case　of　the　change



from　the　agricultural　state　into　the　manufacturing　state　much



stronger　on　the　part　of　manufacture　than　on　the　part　of



agriculture。　For　as　the　increase　of　capital　which　results　from　the



change　from　the　condition　of　the　mere　hunter　to　the　pastoral



condition　is　chiefly　effected　by　the　rapid　increase　of　flocks　and



herds；　as　the　increase　of　capital　resulting　from　the　change　from



the　pastoral　condition　into　the　agricultural　condition　is　chiefly



effected　by　the　rapid　increase　in　cultivated　land　and　in　surplus



produce；　so；　in　the　event　of　a　change　from　the　agricultural



condition　into　the　manufacturing　condition；　is　the　augmentation　of



the　material　capital　of　the　nation　chiefly　effected　by　those　values



and　powers　which　are　devoted　to　the　establishment　of　manufactures；



because　thereby　a　mass　of　formerly　unutilised　natural　and　mental



powers　are　converted　into　mental　and　material　capital。　Far　from



hindering　the　saving　of　material　capital；　the　establishment　of



manufactures　is　the　first　thing　which　affords　to　the　nation　the



means　of　employing　its　agricultural　savings　in　an　economical



manner；　and　it　is　the　first　means　by　which　the　nation　can　be



incited　to　agricultural　economy。



　　　　In　the　legislative　bodies　of　North　America　it　has　often　been



mentioned　that　corn　there　rots　in　the　ear　from　want　of　sale；



because　its　value　will　not　pay　the　expense　of　harvesting　it。　In



Hungary　it　is　asserted　that　the　agriculturist　is　almost　choked　with



excess　of　produce；　while　manufactured　goods　are　three　to　four　times



dearer　there　than　in　England。　Germany　even　can　remember　such　times。



In　agricultural　States；　therefore；　all　surplus　agricultural　produce



is　not　material　capital。　By　means　of　manufactures　it　first　becomes



commercial　capital　by　being　warehoused；　and　then　by　being　sold　to



the　manufacturers　it　is　turned　into　manufacturing　capital。　What　may



be　unutilised　stock　in　the　hand　of　the　agriculturist；　becomes



productive　capital　in　the　hand　of　the　manufacturer；　and　vice　vers狻�



　　　　Production　renders　consumption　possible；　and　the　desire　to



consume　incites　to　production。　The　mere　agricultural　nation　is　in



its　consumption　dependent　on　foreign　conditions；　and　if　these　are



not　favourable　to　it；　that　production　dies　out　which　would　have



arisen　in　consequence　of　the　desire　to　consume。　But　in　that　nation



which　combines　manufactures　with　agriculture　in　its　territory；　the



reciprocal　inducement　continually　exists；　and　therefore；　also；



there　will　be　continuous　increase　of　production　and　with　it



augmentation　of　capital　on　both　sides。



　　　　As　the　agricultural…manufacturing　nation　is　（for　the　reasons



which　we　have　already　given）　always　incomparably　richer　in　material



capital　than　the　mere　agricultural　nation　（which　is　evident　at　a



glance）；　so　in　the　former　the　rate　of　interest　is　always　much



lower；　and　larger　capital　and　more　favourable　conditions　are　at　the



disposal　of　men　of　enterprise；　than　in　the　purely　agricultural



nation。　It　follows　that　the　former　can　always　victoriously　compete



with　the　newly　formed　manufactories　in　the　agricultural　nation；



that　the　agricultural　nation　remains　continually　in　debt　to　the



manufacturing　nation；　and　that　in　the　markets　of　the　former



continual　fluctuations　in　the　prices　of　produce　and　manufactured



goods　and　in　the　value　of　money　take　place；　whereby　the



accumulation　of　material　wealth　in　the　purely　agricultural　nation



is　no　less　endangered　than　its　morality　and　its　habits　of　economy。



　　　　The　school　distinguishes　fixed　capital　from　circulating



capital；　and　classes　under　the　former　in　a　most　remarkable　manner



a　multitude　of　things　which　are　in　circulation　without　making　any



practical　application　whatever　of　this　distinction。　The　only　case



in　which　such　a　distinction　can　be　of　value；　it　passes　by　without



notice。　The　material　as　well　as　the　mental　capital　is　（namely）



bound　in　a　great　measure　to　agriculture；　to　manufactures；　to



commerce；　or　to　special　branches　of　either　　nay　often；　indeed；　to



special　localities。　Fruit　trees；　when　cut　down；　are　clearly　not　of



the　same　value　to　the　manufacturer　（if　he　uses　them　for　woodwork）



as　they　are　to　the　agriculturist　（if　he　uses　them　for　the



production　of　fruit）。　Sheep；　if；　as　has　already　frequently　happened



in　Germany　and　North　America；　they　have　to　be　slaughtered　in



masses；　have　evidently　not　the　value　which　they　would　possess　when



used　for　the　production　of　wool。　Vineyards　have　（as　such）　a　value



which；　if　used　as　arable　fields；　they　would　lose。　Ships；　if　used



for　timber　or　for　firewood；　have　a　much　lower　valu