list2-第12章

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agricultural　power　of　a　nation；　and　gradually　to　apply　a　remedy　to



that　evil　in　so　far　as　it　is　the　result　of　previous　institutions；



no　better　means　exists　（apart　from　the　promotion　of　emigration）



than　to　establish　an　internal　manufacturing　power；　by　which　the



increase　of　population　may　be　gradually　drawn　over　to　the　latter；



and　a　greater　demand　created　for　agricultural　produce；　by　which



consequently　the　cultivation　of　larger　estates　may　be　rendered　more



profitable；　and　the　cultivator　induced　and　encouraged　to　gain　from



his　land　the　greatest　possible　amount　of　surplus　produce。



　　　　The　productive　power　of　the　cultivator　and　of　the　labourer　in



agriculture　will　always　be　greater　or　smaller　according　to　the



degree　in　which　the　exchange　of　agricultural　produce　for



manufactures　and　other　products　of　various　kinds　can　proceed　more



or　less　readily。　That　in　this　respect　the　foreign　trade　of　any



nation　which　is　but　little　advanced　can　prove　in　the　highest　degree



beneficial；　we　have　shown　in　another　chapter　by　the　example　of



England。　But　a　nation　which　has　already　made　considerable　advances



in　civilisation；　in　possession　of　capital；　and　in　population；　will



find　the　development　of　a　manufacturing　power　of　its　own　infinitely



more　beneficial　to　its　agriculture　than　the　most　flourishing



foreign　trade　can　be　without　such　manufactures；　because　it　thereby



secures　itself　against　all　fluctuations　to　which　it　may　be　exposed



by　war；　by　foreign　restrictions　on　trade；　and　by　commercial　crises；



because　it　thereby　saves　the　greatest　part　of　the　costs　of



transport　and　commercial　charges　incurred　in　exporting　its　own



products　and　in　importing　manufactured　articles；　because　it　derives



the　greatest　advantages　from　the　improvements　in　transport　which



are　called　into　existence　by　its　own　manufacturing　industry；　while



from　the　same　cause　a　mass　of　personal　and　natural　powers　hitherto



unemployed　will　be　developed；　and　especially　because　the　reciprocal



exchange　between　manufacturing　power　and　agricultural　power　is　so



much　greater；　the　closer　the　agriculturist　and　manufacturer　are



placed　to　one　another；　and　the　less　they　are　liable　to　be



interrupted　in　the　exchange　of　their　various　products　by　accidents



of　all　kinds。



　　　　In　my　letters　to　Mr。　Charles　J。　Ingersoll；　President　of　the



Society　for　Promoting　Arts　and　Industries　in　Philadelphia；　of　the



year　1828　（entitled；　'Outlines　of　a　New　System　of　Political



Economy'）；　I　tried　to　explain　the　advantages　of　a　union　of　the



manufacturing　power　with　agriculture　in　one　and　the　same　country；



and　under　one　and　the　same　political　power；　in　the　following



manner。　Supposing　you　did　not　understand　the　art　of　grinding　corn；



which　has　certainly　been　a　great　art　in　its　time；　supposing　further



that　the　art　of　baking　bread　had　remained　unknown　to　you；　as



（according　to　Anderson）　the　real　art　of　salting　herrings　was　still



unknown　to　the　English　in　the　seventeenth　century；　supposing；



therefore；　that　you　had　to　send　your　corn　to　England　to　be　ground



into　flour　and　baked　into　bread；　how　large　a　quantity　of　your　corn



would　not　the　English　retain　as　pay　for　the　grinding　and　baking；



how　much　of　it　would　the　carters；　seamen；　and　merchants　consume；



who　would　have　to　be　employed　in　exporting　the　corn　and　importing



the　bread；　and　how　much　would　come　back　into　the　hands　of　those　who



cultivated　the　corn？　There　is　no　doubt　that　by　such　a　process　the



foreign　trade　would　receive　a　considerable　impetus；　but　it　is　very



doubtful　whether　this　intercourse　would　be　specially　advantageous



to　the　welfare　and　independence　of　the　nation。　Consider　only　in



case　of　a　war　breaking　out　between　your　country　（the　United　States）



and　Great　Britain；　what　would　be　the　situation　of　those　who



produced　corn　for　the　English　mills　and　bakehouses；　and　on　the



other　hand　the　situation　of　those　who　had　become　accustomed　to　the



taste　of　the　English　bread。　Just　as；　however；　the　economical



prosperity　of　the　corn…cultivating　interest　requires　that　the　corn



millers　should　live　in　its　vicinity；　so　also　does　the　prosperity　of



the　farmer　especially　require　that　the　manufacturer　should　live



close　to　him；　so　also　does　the　prosperity　of　a　flat　and　open



country　require　that　a　prosperous　and　industrial　town　should　exist



in　its　centre；　and　so　does　the　prosperity　of　the　whole　agriculture



of　a　country　require　that　its　own　manufacturing　power　should　be



developed　in　the　highest　possible　degree。



　　　　Let　us　compare　the　condition　of　agriculture　in　the　vicinity　of



a　populous　town　with　its　condition　when　carried　on　in　distant



provinces。　In　the　latter　case　the　farmer　can　only　cultivate　for



sale　those　products　which　can　bear　a　long　transport；　and　which



cannot　be　supplied　at　cheaper　prices　and　in　better　quality　from



districts　lying　nearer　to　those　who　purchase　them。　A　larger　portion



of　his　profits　will　be　absorbed　by　the　costs　of　transport。　He　will



find　it　difficult　to　procure　capital　which　he　may　employ　usefully



on　his　farm。　From　want　of　better　examples　and　means　of　education　he



will　not　readily　be　led　to　avail　himself　of　new　processes；　of



better　implements；　and　of　new　methods　of　cultivation。　The　labourer



himself；　from　want　of　good　example；　of　stimulus　to　exertion；　and　to



emulation　in　the　exercise　of　his　productive　powers；　will　only



develop　those　powers　inefficiently；　and　will　indulge　himself　in



loitering　about　and　in　idleness。



　　　　On　the　other　hand；　in　the　proximity　of　the　town；　the　farmer　is



in　a　position　to　use　every　patch　of　land　for　those　crops　which　best



suit　the　character　of　the　soil。　He　will　produce　the　greatest



variety　of　things　to　the　best　advantage。　Garden　produce；　poultry；



eggs；　milk；　butter；　fruit；　and　especially　articles　which　the　farmer



residing　at　a　distance　considers　insignificant　and　secondary



things；　will　bring　to　the　farmer　near　the　town　considerable　profit。



While　the　distant　farmer　has　to　depend　mainly　on　the　mere　breeding



of　cattle；　the　other　will　make　much　better　profits　from　fattening



them；　and　will　thereby　be　led　to　perfect　his　cultivation　of　root



crops　and　fodder。　He　can　utilise　with　much　profit　a　number　of



things　which　are　of　little　or　no　use　to　the　distant　farmer；　e。g。



stone；　sand；　water　power；　&c。　The　most　numerous　and　best　machines



and　implements　as　well　as　all　means　for　his　instruction；　are　close



at　hand。　It　will　be　easy　for　him　to　accumulate　the　capital



necessary　for　the　improvement　of　his　farm。　Landed　proprietors　and



workmen；　by　the　means　of　recreation　which　the　town　affords；　the



emulation　which　it　excites　among　them；　and　the　facility　of　making



profits；　will　be　incited　to　exert　all　their　mental　and　bodily



powers　for　the　improvement　of　their　condition。　And　precisely　the



same　difference　exists　between　a　nation　which　unites　agriculture



and　manufactures　on　its　own　territory；　and　a　nation　which　can　only



exchange　its　own　agricultural　products　for　foreign　manufactured



goods。



　　　　The　whole　social　state　of　a　nation　will　be　chiefly　determined



by　the　principle　of　the　variety　and　division　of　occupations　and　the



cooperation　of　its　productive　powers。　What　the　pin　is　in　the　pin



manufactory；　that　the　national　well…being　is　to　the　large　society



which　we　term　'the　nation。'　The　most　important　division　of



occupations　in　the　nation　is　that　between　the　mental　and　material



ones。　Both　are　mutually　dependent　on　one　another。　The　more　the



mental　producers　succeed　in　promoting　morality；　religion；



enlightenment；　increase　of　knowledge；　extension　of　liberty　and　of



perfection　of　political　institutions