eminent victorians-第4章
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direct that I might keep Thy statutes。 I will walk in Thy
Commandments when Thou hast set my heart at liberty。'
Such were the preoccupations of this young man。 Perhaps they
would have been different; if he had had a little less of what
Newman describes as his 'high severe idea of the intrinsic
excellence of Virginity'; but it is useless to speculate。
Naturally enough the fierce and burning zeal of Keble had a
profound effect upon his mind。 The two became intimate friends;
and Froude; eagerly seizing upon the doctrines of the elder man;
saw to it that they had as full a measure of controversial
notoriety as an Oxford common room could afford。 He plunged the
metaphysical mysteries of the Holy Catholic Church into the
atmosphere of party politics。 Surprised Doctors of Divinity found
themselves suddenly faced with strange questions which had never
entered their heads before。 Was the Church of England; or was it
not; a part of the Church Catholic? If it was; were not the
Reformers of the sixteenth century renegades? Was not the
participation of the Body and Blood of Christ essential to the
maintenance of Christian life and hope in each individual? Were
Timothy and Titus Bishops? Or were they not? If they were; did it
not follow that the power of administering the Holy Eucharist was
the attribute of a sacred order founded by Christ Himself? Did
not the Fathers refer to the tradition of the Church as to
something independent of the written word; and sufficient to
refute heresy; even alone? Was it not; therefore; God's unwritten
word? And did it not demand the same reverence from us as the
Scriptures; and for exactly the same reasonBECAUSE IT WAS HIS
WORD? The Doctors of Divinity were aghast at such questions;
which seemed to lead they hardly knew whither; and they found it
difficult to think of very apposite answers。 But Hurrell Froude
supplied the answers himself readily enough。 All Oxford; all
England; should know the truth。 The time was out of joint; and he
was only too delighted to have been born to set it right。
But; after all; something more was needed than even the
excitement of Froude combined with the conviction of Keble to
ruffle seriously the vast calm waters of Christian thought; and
it so happened that that thing was not wanting: it was the genius
of John Henry Newman。 If Newman had never lived; or if his
father; when the gig came round on the fatal morning; still
undecided between the two Universities; had chanced to turn the
horse's head in the direction of Cambridge; who can doubt that
the Oxford Movement would have flickered out its little flame
unobserved in the Common Room of Oriel? And how different; too;
would have been the fate of Newman himself! He was a child of the
Romantic Revival; a creature of emotion and of memory; a dreamer
whose secret spirit dwelt apart in delectable mountains; an
artist whose subtle senses caught; like a shower in the sunshine;
the impalpable rainbow of the immaterial world。 In other times;
under other skies; his days would have been more fortunate。 He
might have helped to weave the garland of Meleager; or to mix the
lapis lazuli of Fra Angelico; or to chase the delicate truth in
the shade of an Athenian palaestra; or his hands might have
fashioned those ethereal faces that smile in the niches of
Chartres。 Even in his own age he might; at Cambridge; whose
cloisters have ever been consecrated to poetry and common sense;
have followed quietly in Gray's footsteps and brought into flower
those seeds of inspiration which now lie embedded amid the faded
devotion of the Lyra Apostolica。
At Oxford; he was doomed。 He could not withstand the last
enchantment of the Middle Age。 It was in vain that he plunged
into the pages of Gibbon or communed for long hours with
Beethoven over his beloved violin。 The air was thick with
clerical sanctity; heavy with the odours of tradition and the
soft warmth of spiritual authority; his friendship with Hurrell
Froude did the rest。 All that was weakest in him hurried him
onward; and all that was strongest in him too。 His curious and
vaulting imagination began to construct vast philosophical
fabrics out of the writings of ancient monks; and to dally with
visions of angelic visitations and the efficacy of the oil of St
Walburga; his emotional nature became absorbed in the partisan
passions of a University clique; and his subtle intellect
concerned itself more and more exclusively with the dialectical
splitting of dogmatical hairs。 His future course was marked out
for him all too clearly; and yet by a singular chance the true
nature of the man was to emerge triumphant in the end。 If Newman
had died at the age of sixty; today he would have been already
forgotten; save by a few ecclesiastical historians; but he lived
to write his Apologia; and to reach immortality; neither as a
thinker nor as a theologian; but as an artist who has embalmed
the poignant history of an intensely human spirit in the magical
spices of words。
When Froude succeeded in impregnating Newman with the ideas of
Keble; the Oxford Movement began。 The original and remarkable
characteristic of these three men was that they took the
Christian Religion au pied de la lettre。 This had not been done
in England for centuries。 When they declared every Sunday that
they believed in the Holy Catholic Church; they meant it。 When
they repeated the Athanasian Creed; they meant it。 Even; when
they subscribed to the Thirty…nine Articles; they meant it…or at
least they thought they did。 Now such a state of mind was
dangerousmore dangerous indeed than they at first realised。
They had started with the innocent assumption that the Christian
Religion was contained in the doctrines of the Church of England;
but; the more they examined this matter; the more difficult and
dubious it became。 The Church of England bore everywhere upon it
the signs of human imperfection; it was the outcome of revolution
and of compromise; of the exigencies of politicians and the
caprices of princes; of the prejudices of theologians and the
necessities of the State。 How had it happened that this piece of
patchwork had become the receptacle for the august and infinite
mysteries of the Christian Faith? This was the problem with which
Newman and his friends found themselves confronted。 Other men
might; and apparently did; see nothing very strange in such a
situation; but other men saw in Christianity itself scarcely more
than a convenient and respectable appendage to existence; by
which a sound system of morals was inculcated; and through which
one might hope to attain to everlasting bliss。
To Newman and Keble it was otherwise。 They saw a transcendent
manifestation of Divine power flowing down elaborate and immense
through the ages; a consecrated priesthood; stretching back;
through the mystic symbol of the laying on of hands; to the very
Godhead; a whole universe of spiritual beings brought into
communion with the Eternal by means of wafers; a great mass of
metaphysical doctrines; at once incomprehensible and of
incalculable import; laid down with infinite certitude; they saw
the supernatural everywhere and at all times; a living force;
floating invisible in angels; inspiring saints; and investing
with miraculous properties the commonest material things。 No
wonder that they found such a spectacle hard to bring into line
with the institution which had been evolved from the divorce of
Henry VIII; the intrigues of Elizabethan parliaments; and the
Revolution of 1688。 They did; no doubt; soon satisfy themselves
that they had succeeded in this apparently hopeless task; but;
the conclusions which they came to in order to do so were
decidedly startling。
The Church of England; they declared; was indeed the one true
Church; but she had been under an eclipse since the Reformation;
in fact; since she had begun to exist。 She had; it is true;
escaped the corrup