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mother was still not quite resigned: surely Florence might at

least spend the summer in the country。 At times; indeed; among

her intimates; Mrs。 Nightingale almost wept。 'We are ducks;' she

said with tears in her eyes; 'who have hatched a wild swan。' But

the poor lady was wrong; it was not a swan that they had hatched;

it was an eagle。



II



Miss NIGHTINGALE had been a year in her nursing…home in Harley

Street; when Fate knocked at the door。 The Crimean War broke out;

the battle of the Alma was fought; and the terrible condition of

our military hospitals at Scutari began to be known in England。

It sometimes happens that the plans of Providence are a little

difficult to follow; but on this occasion all was plain; there

was a perfect coordination of events。 For years Miss Nightingale

had been getting ready; at last she was prepared experienced;

free; mature; yet still young (she was thirty…four) desirous to

serve; accustomed to command: at that precise moment the

desperate need of a great nation came; and she was there to

satisfy it。 If the war had fallen a few years earlier; she would

have lacked the knowledge; perhaps even the power; for such a

work; a few years later and she would; no doubt; have been fixed

in the routine of some absorbing task; and moreover; she would

have been growing old。



Nor was it only the coincidence of time that was remarkable。 It

so fell out that Sidney Herbert was at the War Office and in the

Cabinet; and Sidney Herbert was an intimate friend of Miss

Nightingale's; convinced; from personal experience in charitable

work; of her supreme capacity。 After such premises; it seems

hardly more than a matter of course that her letter; in which she

offered her services for the East; and Sidney Herbert's letter;

in which he asked for them; should actually have crossed in the

post。 Thus it all happened; without a hitch。 The appointment was

made and even Mrs。 Nightingale; overawed by the magnitude of the

venture; could only approve。 A pair of faithful friends offered

themselves as personal attendants; thirty…eight nurses were 

collected; and within a week of the crossing of the letters Miss

Nightingale; amid a great burst of popular enthusiasm; left for

Constantinople。



Among the numerous letters which she received on her departure

was one from Dr。 Manning; who at that time was working in

comparative obscurity as a Catholic priest in Bayswater。 'God

will keep you;' he wrote; 'and my prayer for you will be that

your one object of worship; Pattern of Imitation; and source of

consolation and strength; may be the Sacred Heart of our Divine

Lord。'



To what extent Dr。 Manning's prayer was answered must remain a

matter of doubt; but this much is certain: that if ever a prayer

was needed; it was needed then for Florence Nightingale。 For dark

as had been the picture of the state of affairs at Scutari;

revealed to the English public in the dispatches of 〃The Times

Correspondent〃; and in a multitude of private letters; yet the

reality turned out to be darker still。 What had occurred was; in

brief; the complete breakdown of our medical arrangements at the

seat of war。 The origins of this awful failure were complex and

manifold; they stretched back through long years of peace and

carelessness in England; they could be traced through endless

ramifications of administrative incapacity from the inherent

faults of confused systems; to the petty bunglings of minor

officials; from the inevitable ignorance of Cabinet Ministers; to

the fatal exactitudes of narrow routine。



In the inquiries which followed; it was clearly shown that the

evil was in reality that worst of all evils one which has been

caused by nothing in particular and for which no one in

particular is to blame。 The whole organisation of the war machine

was incompetent and out of date。 The old Duke had sat for a

generation at the Horse Guards repressing innovations with an

iron hand。 There was an extraordinary overlapping of authorities

and an almost incredible shifting of responsibilities to and fro。

As for such a notion as the creation and the maintenance of a

really adequate medical service for the army in that atmosphere

of aged chaos; how could it have entered anybody's head? Before

the war; the easygoing officials at Westminster were naturally

persuaded that all was well or at least as well as could be

expected; when someone; for instance; actually had the temerity

to suggest the formation of a corps of Army nurses; he was at

once laughed out of court。 When the war had begun; the gallant

British officers in control of affairs had other things to think

about than the petty details of medical organisation。 Who had

bothered with such trifles in the Peninsula? And surely; on that

occasion; we had done pretty well。 Thus; the most obvious

precautions were neglected; and the most necessary preparations

were put off from day to day。 The principal medical officer of

the Army; Dr。 Hall; was summoned from India at a moment's notice;

and was unable to visit England before taking up his duties at

the front。 And it was not until after the battle of the Alma;

when we had been at war for many months; that we acquired

hospital accommodations at Scutari for more than a thousand men。

Errors; follies; and vices on the part of individuals there

doubtless were; but; in the general reckoning; they were of small

account insignificant symptoms of the deep disease of the body

politic to the enormous calamity of administrative collapse。



Miss Nightingale arrived at Scutari a suburb of Constantinople;

on the Asiatic side of the Bosphorus on November 4th; 1854; it

was ten days after the battle of Balaclava; and the day before

the battle of Inkerman。 The organisation of the hospitals; which

had already given way under the stress of the battle of the Alma;

was now to be subjected to the further pressure which these two

desperate and bloody engagements implied。 Great detachments of

wounded were already beginning to pour in。 The men; after

receiving such summary treatment as could be given them at the

smaller hospitals in the Crimea itself; were forthwith shipped in

batches of 200 across the Black Sea to Scutari。 This voyage was

in normal times one of four days and a half; but the times were

no longer normal; and now the transit often lasted for a

fortnight or three weeks。 It received; not without reason; the

name of the 'middle passage'。 Between; and sometimes on the

decks; the wounded; the sick; and the dying were crowded men

who had just undergone the amputation of limbs; men in the

clutches of fever or of frostbite; men in the last stages of

dysentry and cholera without beds; sometimes without blankets;

often hardly clothed。 The one or two surgeons on board did what

they could; but medical stores were lacking; and the only form of

nursing available was that provided by a handful of invalid

soldiers who were usually themselves prostrate by the end of the

voyage。 There was no other food beside the ordinary salt rations

of ship diet; and even the water was sometimes so stored that it

was out of reach of the weak。 For many months; the average of

deaths during these voyages was seventy…four in 1;000; the

corpses were shot out into the waters; and who shall say that

they were the most unfortunate? At Scutari; the landing…stage;

constructed with all the perverseness of Oriental ingenuity;

could only be approached with great difficulty; and; in rough

weather; not at all。 When it was reached; what remained of the

men in the ships had first to be disembarked; and then conveyed

up a steep slope of a quarter of a mile to the nearest of the

hospitals。 The most serious cases might be put upon stretchers

for there were far too few for all; the rest were carried or

dragged up the hill by such convalescent soldiers as could be got

together; who were not too obviously infirm for the work。 At last

the journey was acco

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