eminent victorians-第21章
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striking measure which should concentrate the forces of the
faithful; and confound their enemies。 The tremendous doctrine of
Papal Infallibility; beloved of all good Catholics; seemed to
offer just the opening that was required。 Let that doctrine be
proclaimed; with the assent of the whole Church; an article of
faith; and; in the face of such an affirmation; let the modern
world do its worst! Accordingly; a General Council the first to
be held since the Council of Trent more than 300 years before
was summoned to the Vatican; for the purpose; so it was
announced; of providing 'an adequate remedy to the disorders;
intellectual and moral; of Christendom'。 The programme might seem
a large one; even for a General Council; but everyone knew what
it meant。
Everyone; however; was not quite of one mind。 There were those
to whom even the mysteries of infallibility caused some
searchings of heart。 It was true; no doubt; that Our Lord; by
saying to Peter; 'Thou art Cephas; which is by interpretation a
stone'; thereby endowed that Apostle with the supreme and full
primacy and principality over the Universal Catholic Church; it
was equally certain that Peter afterwards became the Bishop of
Rome; nor could it be doubted that the Roman Pontiff was his
successor。 Thus it followed directly that the Roman Pontiff was
the head; heart; mind; and tongue of the Catholic Church; and
moreover; it was plain that when Our Lord prayed for Peter that
his faith should not fail; that prayer implied the doctrine of
Papal Infallibility。 All these things were obvious; and yetand
yet might not the formal declaration of such truths in the year
of his grace 1870 be; to say the least of it; inopportune? Might
it
not come as an offence; as a scandal even; to those unacquainted
with the niceties of Catholic dogma? Such were the uneasy
reflections of grave and learned ecclesiastics and theologians in
England; France; and Germany。 Newman was more than usually upset;
Monseigneur Dupanloup was disgusted; and Dr。 Dollinger prepared
himself for resistance。 It was clear that there would be a
disaffected minority at the Council。
Catholic apologists have often argued that the Pope's claim to
infallibility implies no more than the necessary claim of every
ruler; of every government; to the right of supreme command。 In
England; for instance; the Estates of the Realm exercise an
absolute authority in secular matters; no one questions this
authority; no one suggests that it is absurd or exorbitant; in
other words; by general consent the Estates of the Realm are;
within their sphere; infallible。 Why; therefore; should the Pope;
within his sphere the sphere of the Catholic Church be denied
a
similar infallibility? If there is nothing monstrous in an Act of
Parliament laying down what all men shall do; why should there be
anything monstrous in a Papal Encyclical laying down what all men
shall believe? The argument is simple; in fact; it is too simple;
for it takes for granted the very question which is in dispute。
Is there indeed no radical and essential distinction between
supremacy and infallibility? Between the right of a Borough
Council to regulate the traffic and the right of the Vicar of
Christ to decide upon the qualifications for Everlasting Bliss?
There is one distinction; at any rate; which is palpable: the
decisions of a supreme authority can be altered; those of an
infallible authority cannot。 A Borough Council may change its
traffic regulations at the next meeting; but the Vicar of Christ;
when in certain circumstances and with certain precautions; he
has once spoken; has expressed; for all the ages; a part of the
immutable; absolute; and eternal Truth。 It is this that makes the
papal pretensions so extraordinary and so enormous。 It is also
this that gives them their charm。 Catholic apologists; when they
try to tone down those pretensions and to explain them away;
forget that it is in their very exorbitance that their
fascination lies。 If the Pope were indeed nothing more than a
magnified Borough Councillor; we should hardly have heard so much
of him。 It is not because he satisfies the reason; but because he
astounds it; that men abase themselves before the Vicar of
Christ。
And certainly the doctrine of Papal Infallibility presents to the
reason a sufficiency of stumbling…blocks。 In the fourteenth
century; for instance; the following case arose。 John XXII
asserted in his bull 'Cum inter nonnullos' that the doctrine of
the poverty of Christ was heretical。 Now; according to the light
of reason; one of two things must follow from thiseither John
XXII was himself a heretic; or he was no Pope。 For his
predecessor; Nicholas III; had asserted in his bull 'Exiit qui
seminat' that the doctrine of the poverty of Christ was the true
doctrine; the denial of which was heresy。 Thus if John XXII was
right; Nicholas III was a heretic; and in that case Nicholas's
nominations of Cardinals were void; and the conclave which
elected John was illegal so that John was no Pope; his
nominations of Cardinals were void; and the whole Papal
succession vitiated。 On the other hand; if John was wrongwell;
he was a heretic; and the same inconvenient results followed。
And; in either case; what becomes of Papal Infallibility?
But such crude and fundamental questions as these were not likely
to trouble the Council。 The discordant minority took another
line。 Infallibility they admitted readily enough; the
infallibility; that is to say; of the Church; what they shrank
from was the pronouncement that this infallibility was
concentrated in the Bishop of Rome。 They would not actually deny
that; as a matter of fact; it was so concentrated; but to declare
that it was; to make the belief that it was an article of faith
what could be more it was their favourite expression more
inopportune? In truth; the Gallican spirit still lingered among
them。 At heart; they hated the autocracy of Rome the domination
of the centralised Italian organisation over the whole vast body
of the Church。 They secretly hankered; even at this late hour;
after some form of constitutional government; and they knew that
the last faint vestige of such a dream would vanish utterly
with the declaration of the infallibility of the Pope。 It did not
occur to them; apparently; that a constitutional Catholicism
might be a contradiction in terms; and that the Catholic Church;
without the absolute dominion of the Pope; might resemble the
play
of Hamlet without the Prince of Denmark。
Pius IX himself was troubled by doubts。 'Before I was Pope;'
he observed; 'I believed in Papal Infallibility; now I feel it。'
As for Manning; his certainty was no less complete than his
master's。 Apart from the Holy Ghost; his appointment to the See
of Westminster had been due to Pio Nono's shrewd appreciation of
the fact that he was the one man in England upon whose fidelity
the Roman Government could absolutely rely。 The voice which kept
repeating 'Mettetelo li; mettetelo li' in his Holiness's ear;
whether or not it was inspired by God; was certainly inspired by
political sagacity。 For now Manning was to show that he was not
unworthy of the trust which had been reposed in him。 He flew to
Rome in a whirlwind of Papal enthusiasm。 On the way; in Paris; he
stopped for a moment to interview those two great props of French
respectability; M。 Guizot and M。 Thiers。 Both were careful not to
commit themselves; but both were exceedingly polite。 'I am
awaiting your Council;' said M。 Guizot; 'with great anxiety。 It
is the last great moral power and may restore the peace of
Europe。' M。 Thiers delivered a brief harangue in favour of the
principles of the Revolution; which; he declared; were the very
marrow of all Frenchmen; yet; he added; he had always supported
the Temporal Power of the Pope。 'Mais; M。 Thiers;' said Manning;
'vous etes effectivement croyant。' 'En Dieu;' replied M。 Th