the prince(Íõ×Ó)-µÚ24ÕÂ
°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡
death¡¡of¡¡Annibale¡¡who¡¡was¡¡able¡¡to¡¡rule¡¡the¡¡state£»¡¡the¡¡Bolognese£»¡¡having¡¡
information¡¡that¡¡there¡¡was¡¡one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Bentivogli¡¡family¡¡in¡¡Florence£»¡¡who¡¡
up¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡time¡¡¡¡¡¡had¡¡¡¡¡¡been¡¡¡¡¡¡considered¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡son¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡blacksmith£»¡¡¡¡¡¡sent¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡
Florence¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡him¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡gave¡¡¡¡¡¡him¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡government¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡city£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡
ruled¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡him¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡until¡¡¡¡¡¡Messer¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Giovanni¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡came¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡due¡¡¡¡¡¡course¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡the¡¡
government¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§*£§¡¡Giovanni¡¡¡¡¡¡Bentivogli£»¡¡¡¡born¡¡in¡¡Bologna¡¡¡¡1438£»¡¡died¡¡¡¡¡¡at¡¡¡¡¡¡Milan¡¡¡¡¡¡1508¡£¡¡
He¡¡ruled¡¡Bologna¡¡from¡¡1462¡¡to¡¡1506¡£¡¡Machiavelli's¡¡strong¡¡condemnation¡¡
of¡¡¡¡¡¡conspiracies¡¡¡¡¡¡may¡¡¡¡¡¡get¡¡¡¡¡¡its¡¡¡¡¡¡edge¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡¡¡¡¡own¡¡¡¡¡¡very¡¡¡¡¡¡recent¡¡¡¡¡¡experience¡¡
£¨February¡¡1513£©£»¡¡when¡¡he¡¡had¡¡been¡¡arrested¡¡and¡¡tortured¡¡for¡¡his¡¡alleged¡¡
complicity¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Boscoli¡¡conspiracy¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡For¡¡this¡¡reason¡¡I¡¡consider¡¡that¡¡a¡¡prince¡¡ought¡¡to¡¡reckon¡¡conspiracies¡¡of¡¡
little¡¡account¡¡when¡¡his¡¡people¡¡hold¡¡him¡¡in¡¡esteem£»¡¡but¡¡when¡¡it¡¡is¡¡hostile¡¡to¡¡
him£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡bears¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡hatred¡¡¡¡¡¡towards¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡him£»¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡¡¡ought¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡fear¡¡¡¡¡¡everything¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡
everybody¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡And¡¡¡¡¡¡well¡ordered¡¡¡¡¡¡states¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡wise¡¡¡¡¡¡princes¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡taken¡¡¡¡¡¡every¡¡
care¡¡not¡¡to¡¡drive¡¡the¡¡nobles¡¡to¡¡desperation£»¡¡and¡¡to¡¡keep¡¡the¡¡people¡¡satisfied¡¡
and¡¡contented£»¡¡for¡¡this¡¡is¡¡one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡most¡¡important¡¡objects¡¡a¡¡prince¡¡can¡¡
have¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Among¡¡the¡¡best¡¡ordered¡¡and¡¡governed¡¡kingdoms¡¡of¡¡our¡¡times¡¡is¡¡France£»¡¡
and¡¡in¡¡it¡¡are¡¡found¡¡many¡¡good¡¡institutions¡¡on¡¡which¡¡depend¡¡the¡¡liberty¡¡and¡¡
security¡¡of¡¡the¡¡king£»¡¡of¡¡these¡¡the¡¡first¡¡is¡¡the¡¡parliament¡¡and¡¡its¡¡authority£»¡¡
because¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡¡¡who¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡founded¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡kingdom£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡knowing¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡ambition¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡the¡¡
nobility¡¡and¡¡their¡¡boldness£»¡¡considered¡¡that¡¡a¡¡bit¡¡to¡¡their¡¡mouths¡¡would¡¡be¡¡
necessary¡¡to¡¡hold¡¡them¡¡in£»¡¡and£»¡¡on¡¡the¡¡other¡¡side£»¡¡knowing¡¡the¡¡hatred¡¡of¡¡
the¡¡people£»¡¡founded¡¡in¡¡fear£»¡¡against¡¡the¡¡nobles£»¡¡he¡¡wished¡¡to¡¡protect¡¡them£»¡¡
yet¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡anxious¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡particular¡¡¡¡¡¡care¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡king£»¡¡
therefore£»¡¡to¡¡take¡¡away¡¡the¡¡reproach¡¡which¡¡he¡¡would¡¡be¡¡liable¡¡to¡¡from¡¡the¡¡
nobles¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡favouring¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡people£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡people¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡favouring¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
nobles£»¡¡he¡¡set¡¡up¡¡an¡¡arbiter£»¡¡who¡¡should¡¡be¡¡one¡¡who¡¡could¡¡beat¡¡down¡¡the¡¡
great¡¡and¡¡favour¡¡the¡¡lesser¡¡without¡¡reproach¡¡to¡¡the¡¡king¡£¡¡Neither¡¡could¡¡you¡¡
have¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡better¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡more¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡prudent¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡arrangement£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡greater¡¡¡¡¡¡source¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡78¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡79¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡Prince¡¡
security¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡king¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡kingdom¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡From¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡one¡¡¡¡¡¡can¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡draw¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡another¡¡
important¡¡conclusion£»¡¡that¡¡princes¡¡ought¡¡to¡¡leave¡¡affairs¡¡of¡¡reproach¡¡to¡¡the¡¡
management¡¡of¡¡others£»¡¡and¡¡keep¡¡those¡¡of¡¡grace¡¡in¡¡their¡¡own¡¡hands¡£¡¡And¡¡
further£»¡¡I¡¡consider¡¡that¡¡a¡¡prince¡¡ought¡¡to¡¡cherish¡¡the¡¡nobles£»¡¡but¡¡not¡¡so¡¡as¡¡to¡¡
make¡¡himself¡¡hated¡¡by¡¡the¡¡people¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡It¡¡¡¡¡¡may¡¡¡¡¡¡appear£»¡¡¡¡¡¡perhaps£»¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡some¡¡¡¡¡¡who¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡examined¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡lives¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡
deaths¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Roman¡¡emperors¡¡that¡¡many¡¡of¡¡them¡¡¡¡would¡¡be¡¡an¡¡example¡¡
contrary¡¡to¡¡my¡¡opinion£»¡¡seeing¡¡that¡¡some¡¡of¡¡them¡¡lived¡¡nobly¡¡and¡¡showed¡¡
great¡¡¡¡¡¡qualities¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡soul£»¡¡¡¡¡¡nevertheless¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡lost¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡empire¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡
been¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡killed¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡subjects¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡who¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡conspired¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡against¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡them¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Wishing£»¡¡
therefore£»¡¡to¡¡answer¡¡these¡¡objections£»¡¡I¡¡will¡¡recall¡¡the¡¡characters¡¡of¡¡some¡¡
of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡emperors£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡will¡¡¡¡¡¡show¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡causes¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡ruin¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡
different¡¡to¡¡those¡¡alleged¡¡by¡¡me£»¡¡at¡¡the¡¡same¡¡time¡¡I¡¡will¡¡only¡¡submit¡¡for¡¡
consideration¡¡¡¡¡¡those¡¡¡¡¡¡things¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡noteworthy¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡him¡¡¡¡¡¡who¡¡¡¡¡¡studies¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
affairs¡¡of¡¡those¡¡times¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡It¡¡seems¡¡to¡¡me¡¡sufficient¡¡to¡¡take¡¡all¡¡those¡¡emperors¡¡who¡¡succeeded¡¡to¡¡
the¡¡empire¡¡from¡¡Marcus¡¡the¡¡philosopher¡¡down¡¡to¡¡Maximinus£»¡¡they¡¡were¡¡
Marcus¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡¡¡¡¡son¡¡¡¡¡¡Commodus£»¡¡¡¡¡¡Pertinax£»¡¡¡¡¡¡Julian£»¡¡¡¡¡¡Severus¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡¡¡¡¡son¡¡
Antoninus¡¡Caracalla£»¡¡Macrinus£»¡¡Heliogabalus£»¡¡Alexander£»¡¡and¡¡Maximinus¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡There¡¡is¡¡first¡¡to¡¡note¡¡that£»¡¡whereas¡¡in¡¡other¡¡principalities¡¡the¡¡ambition¡¡
of¡¡the¡¡nobles¡¡and¡¡the¡¡insolence¡¡of¡¡the¡¡people¡¡only¡¡have¡¡to¡¡be¡¡contended¡¡
with£»¡¡the¡¡Roman¡¡emperors¡¡had¡¡a¡¡third¡¡difficulty¡¡in¡¡having¡¡to¡¡put¡¡up¡¡with¡¡
the¡¡cruelty¡¡and¡¡avarice¡¡of¡¡their¡¡soldiers£»¡¡a¡¡matter¡¡so¡¡beset¡¡with¡¡difficulties¡¡
that¡¡it¡¡was¡¡the¡¡ruin¡¡of¡¡many£»¡¡for¡¡¡¡it¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡hard¡¡thing¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡give¡¡¡¡satisfaction¡¡
both¡¡to¡¡soldiers¡¡and¡¡people£»¡¡because¡¡the¡¡people¡¡loved¡¡peace£»¡¡and¡¡for¡¡this¡¡
reason¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡loved¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡unaspiring¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡prince£»¡¡¡¡¡¡whilst¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡soldiers¡¡¡¡¡¡loved¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
warlike¡¡¡¡prince¡¡¡¡¡¡who¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡bold£»¡¡¡¡¡¡cruel£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡rapacious£»¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡qualities¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡
were¡¡quite¡¡willing¡¡he¡¡should¡¡exercise¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡people£»¡¡so¡¡that¡¡they¡¡could¡¡
get¡¡double¡¡pay¡¡and¡¡give¡¡vent¡¡to¡¡their¡¡own¡¡greed¡¡and¡¡cruelty¡£¡¡Hence¡¡it¡¡arose¡¡
that¡¡¡¡¡¡those¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡emperors¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡always¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡overthrown¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡who£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡either¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡birth¡¡¡¡or¡¡
training£»¡¡had¡¡no¡¡great¡¡authority£»¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡most¡¡of¡¡them£»¡¡especially¡¡those¡¡¡¡¡¡who¡¡
came¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡new¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡principality£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡recognizing¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡difficulty¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡these¡¡¡¡¡¡two¡¡
opposing¡¡humours£»¡¡were¡¡inclined¡¡to¡¡give¡¡satisfaction¡¡to¡¡the¡¡soldiers£»¡¡caring¡¡
little¡¡about¡¡injuring¡¡the¡¡people¡£¡¡Which¡¡course¡¡was¡¡necessary£»¡¡because£»¡¡as¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡79¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡80¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡Prince¡¡
princes¡¡cannot¡¡help¡¡being¡¡hated¡¡by¡¡someone£»¡¡they¡¡ought£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡first¡¡place£»¡¡
to¡¡¡¡¡¡avoid¡¡¡¡¡¡being¡¡hated¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡every¡¡¡¡one£»¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡when¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡cannot¡¡¡¡¡¡compass¡¡¡¡¡¡this£»¡¡
they¡¡ought¡¡to¡¡endeavour¡¡with¡¡the¡¡utmost¡¡diligence¡¡to¡¡avoid¡¡the¡¡hatred¡¡of¡¡
the¡¡most¡¡powerful¡£¡¡Therefore£»¡¡¡¡¡¡those¡¡emperors¡¡¡¡¡¡who¡¡¡¡¡¡through¡¡¡¡¡¡inexperience¡¡
had¡¡need¡¡of¡¡special¡¡favour¡¡adhered¡¡more¡¡readily¡¡to¡¡the¡¡soldiers¡¡than¡¡to¡¡the¡¡
people£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡course¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡turned¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡out¡¡¡¡¡¡advantageous¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡them¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡not£»¡¡
accordingly¡¡as¡¡the¡¡prince¡¡knew¡¡how¡¡to¡¡maintain¡¡authority¡¡over¡¡them¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡From¡¡these¡¡causes¡¡it¡¡arose¡¡that¡¡Marcus£»¡¡Pertinax£»¡¡and¡¡Alexander£»¡¡being¡¡
all¡¡men¡¡of¡¡modest¡¡life£»¡¡lovers¡¡of¡¡justice£»¡¡enemies¡¡to¡¡cruelty£»¡¡humane£»¡¡and¡¡
benignant£»¡¡¡¡¡¡came¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡sad¡¡¡¡¡¡end¡¡¡¡¡¡except¡¡¡¡¡¡Marcus£»¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡¡¡¡¡alone¡¡¡¡¡¡lived¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡died¡¡
honoured£»¡¡because¡¡he¡¡had¡¡succeeded¡¡to¡¡the¡¡throne¡¡by¡¡hereditary¡¡title£»¡¡and¡¡
owed¡¡nothing¡¡¡¡¡¡either¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡soldiers¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡people£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡afterwards£»¡¡¡¡¡¡being¡¡
possessed¡¡of¡¡many¡¡virtues¡¡which¡¡made¡¡him¡¡respected£»¡¡he¡¡always¡¡kept¡¡both¡¡
orders¡¡in¡¡their¡¡places¡¡whilst¡¡he¡¡lived£»¡¡and¡¡was¡¡neither¡¡hated¡¡nor¡¡despised¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡But¡¡Pertinax¡¡was¡¡created¡¡¡¡¡¡emperor¡¡against¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡wishes¡¡of¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡soldiers£»¡¡
who£»¡¡¡¡¡¡being¡¡¡¡¡¡accustomed¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡live¡¡¡¡¡¡licentiously¡¡¡¡under¡¡¡¡¡¡Commodus£»¡¡¡¡¡¡could¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡
endure¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡honest¡¡¡¡¡¡life¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡Pertinax¡¡¡¡¡¡wished¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡reduce¡¡¡¡¡¡them£»¡¡¡¡¡¡thus£»¡¡
having¡¡given¡¡cause¡¡for¡¡hatred£»¡¡to¡¡which¡¡hatred¡¡there¡¡was¡¡added¡¡contempt¡¡
for¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡¡¡¡¡old¡¡¡¡¡¡age£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡overthrown¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡at¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡very¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡beginning¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡
administration¡£¡¡And¡¡here¡¡it¡¡should¡¡be¡¡noted¡¡that¡¡hatred¡¡is¡¡acquired¡¡as¡¡much¡¡
by¡¡good¡¡works¡¡as¡¡by¡¡bad¡¡ones£»¡¡therefore£»¡¡as¡¡I¡¡said¡¡before£»¡¡a¡¡prince¡¡wishing¡¡
to¡¡¡¡¡¡keep¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡¡¡¡¡state¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡very¡¡¡¡¡¡often¡¡¡¡¡¡forced¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡do¡¡¡¡¡¡evil£»¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡when¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡body¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡
corrupt¡¡whom¡¡you¡¡think¡¡you¡¡have¡¡need¡¡of¡¡to¡¡maintain¡¡yourselfit¡¡may¡¡be¡¡
either¡¡the¡¡people¡¡or¡¡the¡¡soldiers¡¡or¡¡the¡¡noblesyou¡¡have¡¡to¡¡submit¡¡to¡¡its¡¡
humours¡¡and¡¡to¡¡gratify¡¡them£»¡¡and¡¡then¡¡good¡¡works¡¡will¡¡do¡¡you¡¡harm¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡But¡¡let¡¡us¡¡come¡¡to¡¡Alexander£»¡¡who¡¡was¡¡a¡¡man¡¡of¡¡such¡¡great¡¡goodness£»¡¡
that¡¡¡¡¡¡among¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡other¡¡¡¡¡¡praises¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡accorded¡¡¡¡¡¡him¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡this£»¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
fourteen¡¡¡¡¡¡years¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡¡¡¡¡held¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡empire¡¡¡¡¡¡no¡¡¡¡¡¡one¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡ever¡¡¡¡¡¡put¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡death¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡him¡¡
unjudged£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡nevertheless£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡being¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡considered¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡effeminate¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡man¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡who¡¡
allowed¡¡¡¡¡¡himself¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡governed¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡his¡¡¡¡¡¡mother£»¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡¡¡¡¡became¡¡¡¡¡¡despised£»¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
army¡¡conspired¡¡against¡¡him£»¡¡and¡¡murdered¡¡him¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Turning¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡now¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡opposite¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡characters¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Commodus£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Severus£»¡¡
Antoninus¡¡¡¡¡¡Caracalla£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡Maxi