±´¿Çµç×ÓÊé > Ó¢ÎÄÔ­Öøµç×ÓÊé > the spirit of laws >

µÚ88ÕÂ

the spirit of laws-µÚ88ÕÂ

С˵£º the spirit of laws ×ÖÊý£º ÿҳ4000×Ö

°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡



ace¡¡and¡¡tranquillity¡¡of¡¡the¡¡empire£»¡¡and¡¡subordination¡¡appeared¡¡to¡¡them¡¡as¡¡the¡¡most¡¡proper¡¡means¡¡to¡¡maintain¡¡it¡£¡¡Filled¡¡with¡¡this¡¡idea£»¡¡they¡¡believed¡¡it¡¡their¡¡duty¡¡to¡¡inspire¡¡a¡¡respect¡¡for¡¡parents£»¡¡and¡¡therefore¡¡exerted¡¡all¡¡their¡¡power¡¡to¡¡effect¡¡it¡£¡¡They¡¡established¡¡an¡¡infinite¡¡number¡¡of¡¡rites¡¡and¡¡ceremonies¡¡to¡¡do¡¡them¡¡honour¡¡when¡¡living£»¡¡and¡¡after¡¡their¡¡death¡£¡¡It¡¡was¡¡impossible¡¡for¡¡them¡¡to¡¡pay¡¡such¡¡honours¡¡to¡¡deceased¡¡parents¡¡without¡¡being¡¡led¡¡to¡¡reverence¡¡the¡¡living¡£¡¡The¡¡ceremonies¡¡at¡¡the¡¡death¡¡of¡¡a¡¡father¡¡were¡¡more¡¡nearly¡¡related¡¡to¡¡religion£»¡¡those¡¡for¡¡a¡¡living¡¡parent¡¡had¡¡a¡¡greater¡¡relation¡¡to¡¡the¡¡laws£»¡¡manners£»¡¡and¡¡customs£º¡¡however£»¡¡these¡¡were¡¡only¡¡parts¡¡of¡¡the¡¡same¡¡code£»¡¡but¡¡this¡¡code¡¡was¡¡very¡¡extensive¡£

A¡¡veneration¡¡for¡¡their¡¡parents¡¡was¡¡necessarily¡¡connected¡¡with¡¡a¡¡suitable¡¡respect¡¡for¡¡all¡¡who¡¡represented¡¡them£»¡¡such¡¡as¡¡old¡¡men£»¡¡masters£»¡¡magistrates£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡sovereign¡£¡¡This¡¡respect¡¡for¡¡parents¡¡supposed¡¡a¡¡return¡¡of¡¡love¡¡towards¡¡children£»¡¡and¡¡consequently¡¡the¡¡same¡¡return¡¡from¡¡old¡¡men¡¡to¡¡the¡¡young£»¡¡from¡¡magistrates¡¡to¡¡those¡¡who¡¡were¡¡under¡¡their¡¡jurisdiction£»¡¡and¡¡from¡¡the¡¡emperor¡¡to¡¡his¡¡subjects¡£¡¡This¡¡formed¡¡the¡¡rites£»¡¡and¡¡these¡¡rites¡¡the¡¡general¡¡spirit¡¡of¡¡the¡¡nation¡£

We¡¡shall¡¡now¡¡show¡¡the¡¡relation¡¡which¡¡things¡¡in¡¡appearance¡¡the¡¡most¡¡indifferent¡¡may¡¡bear¡¡to¡¡the¡¡fundamental¡¡constitution¡¡of¡¡China¡£¡¡This¡¡empire¡¡is¡¡formed¡¡on¡¡the¡¡plan¡¡of¡¡a¡¡government¡¡of¡¡a¡¡family¡£¡¡If¡¡you¡¡diminish¡¡the¡¡paternal¡¡authority£»¡¡or¡¡even¡¡if¡¡you¡¡retrench¡¡the¡¡ceremonies¡¡which¡¡express¡¡your¡¡respect¡¡for¡¡it£»¡¡you¡¡weaken¡¡the¡¡reverence¡¡due¡¡to¡¡magistrates£»¡¡who¡¡are¡¡considered¡¡as¡¡fathers£»¡¡nor¡¡would¡¡the¡¡magistrates¡¡have¡¡the¡¡same¡¡care¡¡of¡¡the¡¡people£»¡¡whom¡¡they¡¡ought¡¡to¡¡look¡¡upon¡¡as¡¡their¡¡children£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡tender¡¡relation¡¡which¡¡subsists¡¡between¡¡the¡¡prince¡¡and¡¡his¡¡subjects¡¡would¡¡insensibly¡¡be¡¡lost¡£¡¡Retrench¡¡but¡¡one¡¡of¡¡these¡¡habits¡¡and¡¡you¡¡overturn¡¡the¡¡state¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡a¡¡thing¡¡in¡¡itself¡¡very¡¡indifferent¡¡whether¡¡the¡¡daughter¡­in¡­law¡¡rises¡¡every¡¡morning¡¡to¡¡pay¡¡such¡¡and¡¡such¡¡duties¡¡to¡¡her¡¡mother¡­in¡­law£»¡¡but¡¡if¡¡we¡¡consider¡¡that¡¡these¡¡exterior¡¡habits¡¡incessantly¡¡revive¡¡an¡¡idea¡¡necessary¡¡to¡¡be¡¡imprinted¡¡on¡¡all¡¡minds¡¡¡¡an¡¡idea¡¡that¡¡forms¡¡the¡¡ruling¡¡spirit¡¡of¡¡the¡¡empire¡¡¡¡we¡¡shall¡¡see¡¡that¡¡it¡¡is¡¡necessary¡¡that¡¡such¡¡or¡¡such¡¡a¡¡particular¡¡action¡¡be¡¡performed¡£

20¡£¡¡Explanation¡¡of¡¡a¡¡Paradox¡¡relating¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Chinese¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡very¡¡remarkable¡¡that¡¡the¡¡Chinese£»¡¡whose¡¡lives¡¡are¡¡guided¡¡by¡¡rites£»¡¡are¡¡nevertheless¡¡the¡¡greatest¡¡cheats¡¡upon¡¡earth¡£¡¡This¡¡appears¡¡chiefly¡¡in¡¡their¡¡trade£»¡¡which£»¡¡in¡¡spite¡¡of¡¡its¡¡natural¡¡tendency£»¡¡has¡¡never¡¡been¡¡able¡¡to¡¡make¡¡them¡¡honest¡£¡¡He¡¡who¡¡buys¡¡of¡¡them¡¡ought¡¡to¡¡carry¡¡with¡¡him¡¡his¡¡own¡¡weights£»£§23£§¡¡every¡¡merchant¡¡having¡¡three¡¡sorts£»¡¡the¡¡one¡¡heavy¡¡for¡¡buying£»¡¡another¡¡light¡¡for¡¡selling£»¡¡and¡¡another¡¡of¡¡the¡¡true¡¡standard¡¡for¡¡those¡¡who¡¡are¡¡upon¡¡their¡¡guard¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡possible£»¡¡I¡¡believe£»¡¡to¡¡explain¡¡this¡¡contradiction¡£

The¡¡legislators¡¡of¡¡China¡¡had¡¡two¡¡objects¡¡in¡¡view£º¡¡they¡¡were¡¡desirous¡¡that¡¡the¡¡people¡¡should¡¡be¡¡submissive¡¡and¡¡peaceful£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡they¡¡should¡¡also¡¡be¡¡laborious¡¡and¡¡industrious¡£¡¡By¡¡the¡¡nature¡¡of¡¡the¡¡soil¡¡and¡¡climate£»¡¡their¡¡subsistence¡¡is¡¡very¡¡precarious£»¡¡nor¡¡can¡¡it¡¡be¡¡in¡¡any¡¡other¡¡way¡¡secured¡¡than¡¡by¡¡industry¡¡and¡¡labour¡£

When¡¡every¡¡one¡¡obeys£»¡¡and¡¡every¡¡one¡¡is¡¡employed£»¡¡the¡¡state¡¡is¡¡in¡¡a¡¡happy¡¡situation¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡necessity£»¡¡and¡¡perhaps¡¡the¡¡nature¡¡of¡¡the¡¡climate£»¡¡that¡¡has¡¡given¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Chinese¡¡an¡¡inconceivable¡¡greediness¡¡for¡¡gain£»¡¡and¡¡laws¡¡have¡¡never¡¡been¡¡made¡¡to¡¡restrain¡¡it¡£¡¡Everything¡¡has¡¡been¡¡forbidden¡¡when¡¡acquired¡¡by¡¡acts¡¡of¡¡violence£»¡¡everything¡¡permitted¡¡when¡¡obtained¡¡by¡¡artifice¡¡or¡¡labour¡£¡¡Let¡¡us¡¡not¡¡then¡¡compare¡¡the¡¡morals¡¡of¡¡China¡¡with¡¡those¡¡of¡¡Europe¡£¡¡Every¡¡one¡¡in¡¡China¡¡is¡¡obliged¡¡to¡¡be¡¡attentive¡¡to¡¡what¡¡will¡¡be¡¡for¡¡his¡¡advantage£»¡¡if¡¡the¡¡cheat¡¡has¡¡been¡¡watchful¡¡over¡¡his¡¡own¡¡interest£»¡¡he¡¡who¡¡is¡¡the¡¡dupe¡¡ought¡¡to¡¡be¡¡attentive¡¡to¡¡his¡£¡¡At¡¡Sparta¡¡they¡¡were¡¡permitted¡¡to¡¡steal£»¡¡in¡¡China¡¡they¡¡are¡¡suffered¡¡to¡¡deceive¡£

21¡£¡¡How¡¡the¡¡Laws¡¡ought¡¡to¡¡have¡¡a¡¡Relation¡¡to¡¡Manners¡¡and¡¡Customs¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡only¡¡singular¡¡institutions¡¡which¡¡thus¡¡confound¡¡laws£»¡¡manners£»¡¡and¡¡customs¡¡¡¡things¡¡naturally¡¡distinct¡¡and¡¡separate£»¡¡but¡¡though¡¡they¡¡are¡¡in¡¡themselves¡¡different£»¡¡there¡¡is¡¡nevertheless¡¡a¡¡great¡¡relation¡¡between¡¡them¡£

Solon¡¡being¡¡asked¡¡if¡¡the¡¡laws¡¡he¡¡had¡¡given¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Athenians¡¡were¡¡the¡¡best£»¡¡he¡¡replied£»¡¡¡¨I¡¡have¡¡given¡¡them¡¡the¡¡best¡¡they¡¡were¡¡able¡¡to¡¡bear¡¨£§24£§¡¡¡¡a¡¡fine¡¡expression£»¡¡that¡¡ought¡¡to¡¡be¡¡perfectly¡¡understood¡¡by¡¡all¡¡legislators£¡¡¡When¡¡Divine¡¡Wisdom¡¡said¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Jews£»¡¡¡¨I¡¡have¡¡given¡¡you¡¡precepts¡¡which¡¡are¡¡not¡¡good£»¡¨¡¡this¡¡signified¡¡that¡¡they¡¡had¡¡only¡¡a¡¡relative¡¡goodness£»¡¡which¡¡is¡¡the¡¡sponge¡¡that¡¡wipes¡¡out¡¡all¡¡the¡¡difficulties¡¡in¡¡the¡¡law¡¡of¡¡Moses¡£

22¡£¡¡The¡¡same¡¡Subject¡¡continued¡£¡¡When¡¡a¡¡people¡¡have¡¡pure¡¡and¡¡regular¡¡manners£»¡¡their¡¡laws¡¡become¡¡simple¡¡and¡¡natural¡£¡¡Plato£§25£§¡¡says¡¡that¡¡Rhadamanthus£»¡¡who¡¡governed¡¡a¡¡nation¡¡extremely¡¡religious£»¡¡finished¡¡every¡¡process¡¡with¡¡extraordinary¡¡despatch£»¡¡administering¡¡only¡¡the¡¡oath¡¡on¡¡each¡¡accusation¡£¡¡¡¨But£»¡¨¡¡says¡¡the¡¡same¡¡Plato£»£§26£§¡¡¡¨when¡¡a¡¡people¡¡are¡¡not¡¡religious¡¡we¡¡should¡¡never¡¡have¡¡recourse¡¡to¡¡an¡¡oath£»¡¡except¡¡he¡¡who¡¡swears¡¡is¡¡entirely¡¡disinterested£»¡¡as¡¡in¡¡the¡¡case¡¡of¡¡a¡¡judge¡¡and¡¡a¡¡witness¡£¡¨

23¡£¡¡How¡¡the¡¡Laws¡¡are¡¡founded¡¡on¡¡the¡¡Manners¡¡of¡¡a¡¡People¡£¡¡At¡¡the¡¡time¡¡when¡¡the¡¡manners¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Romans¡¡were¡¡pure£»¡¡they¡¡had¡¡no¡¡particular¡¡law¡¡against¡¡the¡¡embezzlement¡¡of¡¡the¡¡public¡¡money¡£¡¡When¡¡this¡¡crime¡¡began¡¡to¡¡appear£»¡¡it¡¡was¡¡thought¡¡so¡¡infamous£»¡¡that¡¡to¡¡be¡¡condemned¡¡to¡¡restore£§27£§¡¡what¡¡they¡¡had¡¡taken¡¡was¡¡considered¡¡as¡¡a¡¡sufficient¡¡disgrace£º¡¡for¡¡a¡¡proof¡¡of¡¡this£»¡¡see¡¡the¡¡sentence¡¡of¡¡L¡£¡¡Scipio¡££§28£§

24¡£¡¡The¡¡same¡¡Subject¡¡continued¡£¡¡The¡¡laws¡¡which¡¡gave¡¡the¡¡right¡¡of¡¡tutelage¡¡to¡¡the¡¡mother¡¡were¡¡most¡¡attentive¡¡to¡¡the¡¡preservation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡infant's¡¡person£»¡¡those¡¡which¡¡granted¡¡it¡¡to¡¡the¡¡next¡¡heir¡¡were¡¡most¡¡attentive¡¡to¡¡the¡¡preservation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡state¡£¡¡When¡¡the¡¡manners¡¡of¡¡a¡¡people¡¡are¡¡corrupted£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡much¡¡better¡¡to¡¡give¡¡the¡¡tutelage¡¡to¡¡the¡¡mother¡£¡¡Among¡¡those¡¡whose¡¡laws¡¡confide¡¡in¡¡the¡¡manners¡¡of¡¡the¡¡subjects£»¡¡the¡¡guardianship¡¡is¡¡granted¡¡either¡¡to¡¡the¡¡next¡¡heir¡¡or¡¡to¡¡the¡¡mother£»¡¡and¡¡sometimes¡¡to¡¡both¡£

If¡¡we¡¡reflect¡¡on¡¡the¡¡Roman¡¡laws£»¡¡we¡¡shall¡¡find¡¡that¡¡the¡¡spirit¡¡of¡¡these¡¡was¡¡conformable¡¡to¡¡what¡¡I¡¡have¡¡advanced¡£¡¡At¡¡the¡¡time¡¡when¡¡the¡¡laws¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Twelve¡¡Tables¡¡were¡¡made£»¡¡the¡¡manners¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Romans¡¡were¡¡most¡¡admirable¡£¡¡The¡¡guardianship¡¡was¡¡given¡¡to¡¡the¡¡nearest¡¡relative¡¡of¡¡the¡¡infant£»¡¡from¡¡a¡¡consideration¡¡that¡¡he¡¡ought¡¡to¡¡have¡¡the¡¡trouble¡¡of¡¡the¡¡tutelage¡¡who¡¡might¡¡enjoy¡¡the¡¡advantage¡¡of¡¡possessing¡¡the¡¡inheritance¡£¡¡They¡¡did¡¡not¡¡imagine¡¡the¡¡life¡¡of¡¡the¡¡heir¡¡in¡¡danger¡¡though¡¡it¡¡was¡¡put¡¡into¡¡a¡¡person's¡¡hands¡¡who¡¡would¡¡reap¡¡a¡¡benefit¡¡by¡¡his¡¡death¡£¡¡But¡¡when¡¡the¡¡manners¡¡of¡¡Rome¡¡were¡¡changed£»¡¡her¡¡legislators¡¡altered¡¡their¡¡conduct¡£¡¡¡¨If£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡pupillary¡¡substitution£»¡¨¡¡say¡¡Gaius£§29£§¡¡and¡¡Justinian£»£§30£§¡¡¡¨the¡¡testator¡¡is¡¡afraid¡¡that¡¡the¡¡substitute¡¡will¡¡lay¡¡any¡¡snares¡¡for¡¡the¡¡pupil£»¡¡he¡¡may¡¡leave¡¡the¡¡vulgar¡¡substitution¡¡open£»£§31£§¡¡and¡¡put¡¡the¡¡pupillary¡¡into¡¡a¡¡part¡¡of¡¡the¡¡testament£»¡¡which¡¡cannot¡¡be¡¡opened¡¡till¡¡after¡¡a¡¡certain¡¡time¡£¡¨¡¡These¡¡fears¡¡and¡¡precautions¡¡were¡¡unknown¡¡to¡¡the¡¡primitive¡¡Romans¡£

25¡£¡¡The¡¡same¡¡Subject¡¡continued¡£¡¡The¡¡Roman¡¡law¡¡gave¡¡the¡¡liberty¡¡of¡¡making¡¡presents¡¡before¡¡marriage£»¡¡after¡¡the¡¡marriage¡¡they¡¡were¡¡not¡¡allowed¡£¡¡This¡¡was¡¡founded¡¡on¡¡the¡¡manners¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Romans£»¡¡who¡¡were¡¡led¡¡to¡¡marriage¡¡only¡¡by¡¡frugality£»¡¡simplicity£»¡¡and¡¡modesty£»¡¡but¡¡might¡¡suffer¡¡themselves¡¡to¡¡be¡¡seduced¡¡by¡¡domestic¡¡cares£»¡¡by¡¡complacency£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡constant¡¡tenor¡¡of¡¡conjugal¡¡felicity¡£

A¡¡law¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Visigoths£§32£§¡¡forbade¡¡the¡¡man¡¡giving¡¡more¡¡to¡¡the¡¡woman¡¡he¡¡was¡¡to¡¡marry¡¡than¡¡the¡¡tenth¡¡part¡¡of¡¡his¡¡substance£»¡¡and¡¡his¡¡giving¡¡her¡¡anything¡¡during¡¡the¡¡first¡¡year¡¡of¡¡their¡¡marriage¡£¡¡This¡¡also¡¡took¡¡its¡¡rise¡¡from¡¡the¡¡manners¡¡of¡¡the¡¡country¡£¡¡The¡¡legislators¡¡were¡¡willing¡¡to¡¡put¡¡a¡¡stop¡¡to¡¡that¡¡Spanish¡¡ostentation¡¡which¡¡only¡¡led¡¡them¡¡to¡¡display¡¡an¡¡excessive¡¡liberality¡¡in¡¡acts¡¡of¡¡magnificence¡£

The¡¡Romans¡¡by¡¡their¡¡laws¡¡put¡¡a¡¡stop¡¡to¡¡some¡¡of¡¡the¡¡inconveniences¡¡which¡¡arose¡¡from¡¡the¡¡most¡¡durable¡¡empire¡¡in¡¡the¡¡world¡¡¡¡that¡¡of¡¡virtue£»¡¡the¡¡Spaniards£»¡¡by¡¡theirs£»¡¡would¡¡prevent¡¡the¡¡bad¡¡effects¡¡of¡¡a¡¡tyranny¡¡the¡¡most¡¡frail¡¡and¡¡transitory¡¡¡¡that¡¡of¡¡beauty¡£

26¡£¡¡The¡¡same¡¡Subject¡¡continued¡£¡¡The¡¡law¡¡of¡¡Theodosius¡¡and¡¡Valentinian£§33£§¡¡drew¡¡the¡¡causes¡¡of¡¡repudiation¡¡from¡¡the¡¡ancient¡¡manners¡¡and¡¡customs¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Romans¡££§34£§¡¡It¡¡placed¡¡in¡¡the¡¡number¡¡of¡¡these¡¡causes¡¡the¡¡behaviour¡¡of¡¡the¡¡husband¡¡who¡¡beat¡¡his¡¡wife£§35£§¡¡in¡¡a¡¡manner¡¡that¡¡disgraced

·µ»ØĿ¼ ÉÏÒ»Ò³ ÏÂÒ»Ò³ »Øµ½¶¥²¿ ÔÞ£¨0£© ²È£¨0£©

Äã¿ÉÄÜϲ»¶µÄ