the spirit of laws-第4章

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21。　Of　the　Empire　of　China

Book　IX。　Of　Laws　in　the　Relation　They　Bear　to　a　Defensive　Force

1。　In　What　Manner　Republics　Provide　for　Their　Safety

2。　That　a　Confederate　Government　Ought　to　Be　Composed　of　States　of　the　Same　Nature；　Especially　of　the　Republican　Kind

3。　Other　Requisites　in　a　Confederate　Republic

4。　In　What　Manner　Despotic　Governments　Provide　for　their　Security

5。　In　What　Manner　a　Monarchical　Government　Provides　for　Its　Security

6。　Of　the　Defensive　Force　of　States　in　General

7。　A　Reflection

8。　A　Particular　Case　in　Which　the　Defensive　Force　of　a　State　Is　Inferior　to　the　Offensive

9。　Of　the　Relative　Force　of　States

10。　Of　the　Weakness　of　Neighbouring　States

Book　X。　Of　Laws　in　the　Relation　They　Bear　to　Offensive　Force

1。　Of　Offensive　Force

2。　Of　War

3。　Of　the　Right　of　Conquest

4。　Some　Advantages　of　a　Conquered　People

5。　Gelon；　King　of　Syracuse

6。　Of　Conquest　Made　by　a　Republic

7。　The　Same　Subject　Continued

8。　The　Same　Subject　Continued

9。　Of　Conquests　Made　by　a　Monarchy

10。　Of　One　Monarchy　That　Subdues　Another

11。　Of　the　Manners　of　a　Conquered　People

12。　Of　a　Law　of　Cyrus

13。　Charles　XII

14。　Alexander

15。　New　Methods　of　Preserving　a　Conquest

16。　Of　Conquests　Made　by　a　Despotic　Prince

17。　The　Same　Subject　Continued

Book　XI。　Of　the　Laws　Which　Establish　Political　Liberty；　with　Regard　to　the　Constitution

1。　A　General　Idea

2。　Different　Significations　of　the　Word　Liberty

3。　In　What　Liberty　Consists

4。　The　Same　Subject　Continued

5。　Of　the　End　or　View　of　Different　Governments

6。　Of　the　Constitution　of　England

7。　Of　the　Monarchies　We　Are　Acquainted　With

8。　Why　the　Ancients　Had　Not　a　Clear　Idea　of　Monarchy

9。　Aristotle's　Manner　of　Thinking

10。　What　Other　Politicians　Thought

11。　Of　the　Kings　of　the　Heroic　Times　of　Greece

12。　Of　the　Government　of　the　Kings　of　Rome；　and　in　What　Manner　the　Three　Powers　Were　There　Distributed

13。　General　Reflections　on　the　State　of　Rome　after　the　Expulsion　of　its　Kings

14。　In　What　Manner　the　Distribution　of　the　Three　Powers　Began　to　Change　after　the　Expulsion　of　the　Kings

15。　In　What　Manner　Rome；　in　the　Flourishing　State　of　That　Republic；　Suddenly　Lost　its　Liberty

16。　Of　the　Legislative　Power　in　the　Roman　Republic

17。　Of　the　Executive　Power　in　the　Same　Republic

18。　Of　the　Judiciary　Power　in　the　Roman　Government

19。　Of　the　Government　of　the　Roman　Provinces

20。　The　End　of　This　Book

Book　XII。　Of　the　Laws　That　Form　Political　Liberty；　in　Relation　to　the　Subject

1。　Idea　of　This　Book

2。　Of　the　Liberty　of　the　Subject

3。　The　Same　Subject　Continued

4。　That　Liberty　is　Favoured　by　the　Nature　and　Proportion　of　Punishments

5。　Of　Certain　Accusations　That　Require　Particular　Moderation　and　Prudence

6。　Of　the　Crime　against　Nature

7。　Of　the　Crime　of　High　Treason

8。　Of　the　Misapplication　of　the　Terms　Sacrilege　and　High　Treason

9。　The　Same　Subject　Continued

10。　The　Same　Subject　Continued

11。　Of　Thoughts

12。　Of　Indiscreet　Speeches

13。　Of　Writings

14。　Breach　of　Modesty　in　Punishing　Crimes

15。　Of　the　Enfranchisement　of　Slaves　in　Order　to　Accuse　Their　Master

16。　Of　Calumny　with　Regard　to　the　Crime　of　High　Treason

17。　Of　the　Revealing　of　Conspiracies

18。　How　Dangerous　It　Is　in　Republics　to　Be　Too　Severe　in　Punishing　the　Crime　of　High　Treason

19。　In　What　Manner　the　Use　of　Liberty　Is　Suspended　in　a　Republic

20。　Of　Laws　Favourable　to　the　Liberty　of　the　Subject　in　a　Republic

21。　Of　the　Cruelty　of　Laws　in　Respect　to　Debtors　in　a　Republic

22。　Of　Things　That　Strike　at　Liberty　in　Monarchies

23。　Of　Spies　in　Monarchies

24。　Of　Anonymous　Letters

25。　Of　the　Manner　of　Governing　in　Monarchies

26。　That　in　a　Monarchy　the　Prince　Ought　to　Be　of　Easy　Access

27。　Of　the　Manners　of　a　Monarch

28。　Of　the　Regard　Which　Monarchs　Owe　to　Their　Subjects

29。　Of　the　Civil　Laws　Proper　for　Mixing　Some　Portion　of　Liberty　in　a　Despotic　Government

30。　The　Same　Subject　Continued

Book　XIII。　Of　the　Relation　Which　the　Levying　of　Taxes　and　the　Greatness　of　the　Public　Revenues　Bear　to　Liberty

1。　Of　the　Public　Revenues

2。　That　It　Is　Bad　Reasoning　to　Say　That　the　Greatness　of　Taxes　Is　Good　in　its　Own　Nature

3。　Of　Taxes　in　Countries　Where　Part　of　the　People　Are　Villains　or　Bondmen

4。　Of　a　Republic　in　the　Like　Case

5。　Of　a　Monarchy　in　the　Like　Case

6。　Of　a　Despotic　Government　in　the　Like　Case

7。　Of　Taxes　in　Countries　where　Villainage　is　Not　Established

8。　In　What　Manner　the　Deception　Is　Preserved

9。　Of　a　Bad　Kind　of　Impost

10。　That　the　Greatness　of　Taxes　Depends　on　the　Nature　of　the　Government

11。　Of　Confiscations

12。　Relation　between　the　Weight　of　Taxes　and　Liberty

13。　In　What　Government　Taxes　Are　Capable　of　Increase

14。　That　the　Nature　of　the　Taxes　Is　in　Relation　to　the　Government

15。　Abuse　of　Liberty

16。　Of　the　Conquests　of　the　Mahometans

17。　Of　the　Augmentation　of　Troops

18。　Of　an　Exemption　from　Taxes

19。　Which　Is　More　Suitable　to　the　Prince　and　to　the　People；　the　Farming　the　Revenues；　or　Managing　Them　by　Commission？

20。　Of　the　Farmers　of　the　Revenues

Book　XIV。　Of　Laws　in　Relation　to　the　Nature　of　the　Climate

1。　General　Idea

2。　Of　the　Difference　of　Men　in　Different　Climates

3。　Contradiction　in　the　Tempers　of　Some　Southern　Nations

4。　Cause　of　the　Immutability　of　Religion；　Manners；　Customs；　and　Laws；　in　the　Eastern　Countries

5。　That　Those　Are　Bad　Legislators　Who　Favour　the　Vices　of　the　Climate；　and　Good　Legislators　Who　Oppose　Those　Vices

6。　Of　Agriculture　in　Warm　Climates

7。　Of　Monkery

8。　An　Excellent　Custom　of　China

9。　Means　of　Encouraging　Industry

10。　Of　the　Laws　in　Relation　to　the　Sobriety　of　the　People

11。　Of　the　Laws　in　Relation　to　the　Distempers　of　the　Climate

12。　Of　the　Laws　against　Suicides

13。　Effects　Arising　from　the　Climate　of　England

14。　Other　Effects　of　the　Climate

15。　Of　the　Different　Confidence　Which　the　Laws　Have　in　the　People；　According　to　the　Difference　of　Climates

Book　XV。　In　What　Manner　the　Laws　of　Civil　Slavery　Relate　to　the　Nature　of　the　Climate

1。　Of　Civil　Slavery

2。　Origin　of　the　Right　of　Slavery　among　the　Roman　Civilians

3。　Another　Origin　of　the　Right　of　Slavery

4。　Another　Origin　of　the　Right　of　Slavery

5。　Of　the　Slavery　of　the　Negroes

6。　The　True　Origin　of　the　Right　of　Slavery

7。　Another　Origin　of　the　Right　of　Slavery

8。　Inutility　of　Slavery　among　Us

9。　Several　Kinds　of　Slavery

10。　Regulations　Necessary　in　Respect　to　Slavery

11。　Abuses　of　Slavery

12。　Danger　from　the　Multitude　of　Slaves

13。　Of　Armed　Slaves

14。　The　Same　Subject　Continued

15。　Precautions　to　Be　Used　in　Moderate　Governments

16。　Regulations　between　Masters　and　Slaves

17。　Of　Enfranchisements

18。　Of　Freedmen　and　Eunuchs

Book　XVI。　How　the　Laws　of　Domestic　Slavery　Bear　a　Relation　to　the　Nature　of　the　Climate

1。　Of　Domestic　Servitude

2。　That　in　the　Countries　of　the　South　There　Is　a　Natural　Inequality　between　the　Two　Sexes

3。　That　a　Plurality　of　Wives　Greatly　Depends　on　the　Means　of　Supporting　Them

4。　That　the　Law　of　Polygamy　Is　an　Affair　That　Depends　on　Calculation

5。　The　Reason　of　a　Law　of　Malabar

6。　Of　Polygamy　Considered　in　Itself

7。　Of　an　Equality　of　Treatment　in　Case　of　Many　Wives

8。　Of　the　Separation　of　Women　from　Men

9。　Of　the　Connection　between　Domestic　and　Political　Government

10。　The　Principle　on　Which　the　Morals　of　the　East　Are　Founded

11。　Of　Domestic　Slavery　Independently　of　Polygamy

12。　Of　Natural　Modesty

13。　Of　Jealousy

14。　Of　the　Eastern　Manner　of　Domestic　Government

15。　Of　Divorce　and　Repudiation

16。　Of　Repudiation　and　Divorce　among　the　Romans

Book　XVII。　How　the　Laws　of　Political　Servitude　Bear　a　Relation　to　the　Nature　of　the　Climate

1。　Of　Political　Servitude

2。　The　Difference　between　Nations　in　Point　of　Courage

3。　Of　the　Climate　of　Asia

4。　The　Consequences　Resulting　from　This

5。　That　When　the　People　in　the　North　of　Asia　and　Those　of　the　North　of　Europe　Made　Conquests；　the　Effects　of　the　Conquests　Were　Not　the　Same

6。　A　new　Physical　Cause　of　the　Slavery　of　Asia；　and　of　the　Liberty　of　Europe

7。　Of　Africa