the spirit of laws-第3章

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eived；　it　ought　to　be　tolerated。　From　hence　he　objects；　that　the　author　has　advised　idolatrous　princes；　not　to　admit　the　Christian　religion　into　their　dominions。　To　this　he　answers　first　by　referring　to　a　passage　in　which　he　says；　＇6＇　that　the　best　civil　and　political　laws　are；　next　to　Christianity；　the　greatest　blessings　that　men　can　give　or　receive；　and　adds；　〃If　then　Christianity　is　the　first　and　greatest　blessing；　and　the　political　and　civil　laws　the　second；　there　are　no　political　or　civil　laws　in　any　state　that　can　or　ought　to　hinder　the　entrance　of　the　Christian　religion。〃

His　second　answer　is；　〃That　the　religion　of　heaven　is　not　established　by　the　same　methods　as　the　religions　of　the　earth；　read　the　history　of　the　church；　and　you　will　see　the　wonders　performed　by　the　Christian　religion：　was　she　to　enter　a　country；　she　knew　how　to　open　its　gates；　every　instrument　was　able　to　effect　it；　at　one　time　God　makes　use　of　a　few　fisherman；　at　another　he　sets　an　emperor　on　the　throne；　and　makes　him　bow　down　his　head　under　the　yolk　of　the　gospel。　Does　Christianity　hide　herself　in　subterranean　caverns？　stay　a　moment；　and　you　see　an　advocate　speaking　from　the　imperial　throne　on　her　behalf。　She　traverses；　whenever　she　pleases；　seas；　rivers；　and　mountains；　no　obstacles　here　below　can　stop　her　progress：　implant　aversion　in　the　mind；　she　will　conquer　this　aversion：　establish　customs；　form　habits；　publish　edicts；　enact　laws；　she　will　triumph　over　the　climate；　over　the　laws　which　result　from　it；　and　over　the　legislators　who　have　made　them。　God　acting　according　to　decrees　which　are　unknown　to　us；　extends　or　contracts　the　limits　of　his　religion。〃

______

1。　The　present　Kind　of　Sardinia。

2。　Book　i。　Chap。　1。

3。　Book　xvi。　Chap。　4。

4。　Book　xvi。　Chap。　4。

5。　Book　xxv。　Ch。　10。

6。　Ibid。　Ch。　1。




The　Spirit　of　Laws

by　Charles　de　Montesquieu

CONTENTS

Preface

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Book　I。　Of　Laws　in　General

1。　Of　the　Relation　of　Laws　to　Different　Beings

2。　Of　the　Laws　of　Nature

3。　Of　Positive　Laws

Book　II。　Of　Laws　Directly　Derived　from　the　Nature　of　Government

1。　Of　the　Nature　of　the　Three　Different　Governments

2。　Of　the　Republican　Government；　and　the　Laws　in　Relation　to　Democracy

3。　Of　the　Laws　in　Relation　to　the　Nature　of　Aristocracy

4。　Of　the　Relation　of　Laws　to　the　Nature　of　Monarchical　Government

5。　Of　the　Laws　in　Relation　to　the　Nature　of　a　Despotic　Government

Book　III。　Of　the　Principles　of　the　Three　Kinds　of　Government

1。　Difference　Between　the　Nature　and　Principle　of　Government

2。　Of　the　Principle　of　Different　Governments

3。　Of　the　Principle　of　Democracy

4。　Of　the　Principle　of　Aristocracy

5。　That　Virtue　Is　Not　the　Principle　of　a　Monarchical　Government

6。　In　What　Manner　Virtue　Is　Supplied　in　a　Monarchical　Government

7。　Of　the　Principle　of　Monarchy

8。　That　Honour　Is　Not　the　Principle　of　Despotic　Government

9。　Of　the　Principle　of　Despotic　Government

10。　Difference　of　Obedience　in　Moderate　and　Despotic　Governments

11。　Reflections　on　the　Preceding　Chapters

Book　IV。　That　the　Laws　of　Education　Ought　to　Be　in　Relation　to　the　Principles　of　Government

1。　Of　the　Laws　of　Education

2。　Of　Education　in　Monarchies

3。　Of　Education　in　a　Despotic　Government

4。　Difference　between　the　Effects　of　Ancient　and　Modern　Education

5。　Of　Education　in　a　Republican　Government

6。　Of　some　Institutions　among　the　Greeks

7。　In　What　Cases　These　Singular　Institutions　May　Be　of　Service

8。　Explanation　of　a　Paradox　of　the　Ancients　in　Respect　to　Manners

Book　V。　That　the　Laws　Given　by　the　Legislator　Ought　to　Be　in　Relation　to　the　Principle　of　Government

1。　Idea　of　This　Book

2。　What　Is　Meant　by　Virtue　in　a　Political　State

3。　What　Is　Meant　by　a　Love　of　the　Republic　in　a　Democracy

4。　In　What　Manner　the　Love　of　Equality　and　Frugality　Is　Inspired

5。　In　What　Manner　the　Laws　Establish　Equality　in　a　Democracy

6。　In　What　Manner　the　Laws　Ought　to　Maintain　Frugality　in　a　Democracy

7。　Other　Methods　of　Favouring　the　Principle　of　Democracy

8。　In　What　Manner　the　Laws　Should　Relate　to　the　Principle　of　Government　in　an　Aristocracy

9。　In　What　Manner　the　Laws　Are　in　Relation　to　Their　Principle　in　Monarchies

10。　Of　the　Expedition　Peculiar　to　the　Executive　Power　in　Monarchies

11。　Of　the　Excellence　of　a　Monarchical　Government

12。　The　Same　Subject　Continued

13。　An　Idea　of　Despotic　Power

14。　In　What　Manner　the　Laws　Are　in　Relation　to　the　Principles　of　Despotic　Government

15。　The　Same　Subject　Continued

16。　Of　the　Communication　of　Power

17。　Of　Presents

18。　Of　Rewards　Conferred　by　the　Sovereign

19。　New　Consequences　of　the　Principles　of　the　Three　Governments

Book　VI。　Consequences　of　the　Principles　of　Different　Governments　with　Respect　to　the　Simplicity　of　Civil　and　Criminal　Laws；　the　Form　of　Judgments；　and　the　Inflicting　of　Punishments

1。　Of　the　Simplicity　of　Civil　Laws　in　Different　Governments

2。　Of　the　Simplicity　of　Criminal　Laws　in　Different　Governments

3。　In　What　Governments　and　in　What　Cases　the　Judges　Ought　to　Determine　According　to　the　Express　Letter　of　the　Law

4。　Of　the　Manner　of　Passing　Judgment

5。　In　What　Governments　the　Sovereign　May　Be　Judge

6。　That　in　Monarchies　Ministers　Ought　Not　to　Sit　as　Judges

7。　Of　a　Single　Magistrate

8。　Of　Accusation　in　Different　Governments

9。　Of　the　Severity　of　Punishments　in　Different　Governments

10。　Of　the　Ancient　French　Laws

11。　That　When　People　Are　Virtuous；　Few　Punishments　Are　Necessary

12。　Of　the　Power　of　Punishments

13。　Insufficiency　of　the　Laws　of　Japan

14。　Of　the　Spirit　of　the　Roman　Senate

15。　Of　the　Roman　Laws　in　Respect　to　Punishments

16。　Of　the　Just　Proportion　between　Punishments　and　Crimes

17。　Of　the　Rack

18。　Of　Pecuniary　and　Corporal　Punishments

19。　Of　the　Law　of　Retaliation

20。　Of　the　Punishment　of　Fathers　for　the　Crimes　of　Their　Children

21。　Of　the　Clemency　of　the　Prince

Book　VII。　Consequences　of　the　Different　Principles　of　the　Three　Governments　with　Respect　to　Sumptuary　Laws；　Luxury；　and　the　Condition　of　Women

1。　Of　Luxury

2。　Of　Sumptuary　Laws　in　a　Democracy

3。　Of　Sumptuary　Laws　in　an　Aristocracy

4。　Of　Sumptuary　Laws　in　a　Monarchy

5。　In　What　Cases　Sumptuary　Laws　Are　Useful　in　a　Monarchy

6。　Of　the　Luxury　of　China

7。　Fatal　Consequences　of　Luxury　in　China

8。　Of　Public　Continency

9。　Of　the　Condition　or　State　of　Women　in　Different　Governments

10。　Of　the　Domestic　Tribunal　among　the　Romans

11。　In　What　Manner　the　Institutions　Changed　at　Rome；　Together　with　the　Government

12。　Of　the　Guardianship　of　Women　among　the　Romans

13。　Of　the　Punishments　Decreed　by　the　Emperors　against　the　Incontinence　of　Women

14。　Sumptuary　Laws　among　the　Romans

15。　Of　Dowries　and　Nuptial　Advantages　in　Different　Constitutions

16。　An　Excellent　Custom　of　the　Samnites

17。　Of　Female　Administration

Book　VIII。　Of　the　Corruption　of　the　Principles　of　the　Three　Governments

1。　General　Idea　of　This　Book

2。　Of　the　Corruption　of　the　Principles　of　Democracy

3。　Of　the　Spirit　of　Extreme　Equality

4。　Particular　Cause　of　the　Corruption　of　the　People

5。　Of　the　Corruption　of　the　Principle　of　Aristocracy

6。　Of　the　Corruption　of　the　Principle　of　Monarchy

7。　The　Same　Subject　Continued

8。　Danger　of　the　Corruption　of　the　Principle　of　Monarchical　Government

9。　How　Ready　the　Nobility　Are　to　Defend　the　Throne

10。　Of　the　Corruption　of　the　Principle　of　Despotic　Government

11。　Natural　Effects　of　the　Goodness　and　Corruption　of　the　Principles　of　Government

12。　The　Same　Subject　Continued

13。　The　Effect　of　an　Oath　among　Virtuous　People

14。　How　the　Smallest　Change　of　the　Constitution　Is　Attended　with　the　Ruin　of　its　Principles

15。　Sure　Methods　of　Preserving　the　Three　Principles

16。　Distinctive　Properties　of　a　Republic

17。　Distinctive　Properties　of　a　Monarchy

18。　Particular　Case　of　the　Spanish　Monarchy

19。　Distinctive　Properties　of　a　Despotic　Government

20。　Consequence　of　the　Preceding　Chapters

21。　Of　the　Empire　of　China

Book　IX。　Of　Laws　in　the　Relation　They　Bear　to　a　Defensive　Force

1。　In　What　Manner　Republics　Provide　for　Their　Safety

2。　That　a　Confederate　Governm