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o¡¡and¡¡had¡¡sent¡¡to¡¡destruction¡¡over¡¡Niagara¡¡Falls¡£¡¡The¡¡British¡¡Government£»¡¡holding¡¡that¡¡the¡¡Caroline¡¡was¡¡at¡¡the¡¡time¡¡illegally¡¡employed¡¡to¡¡assist¡¡Canadian¡¡insurgents£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡the¡¡Canadian¡¡militia¡¡were¡¡under¡¡government¡¡orders¡¡justifiable¡¡by¡¡international¡¡law£»¡¡assumed¡¡the¡¡responsibility¡¡for¡¡McLeod's¡¡act¡¡and¡¡his¡¡safety¡£¡¡Ten¡¡thousand¡¡Americans¡¡along¡¡the¡¡border£»¡¡members¡¡of¡¡¡¨Hunters'¡¡Lodges£»¡¨¡¡were¡¡anxious¡¡for¡¡a¡¡war¡¡which¡¡would¡¡unleash¡¡them¡¡for¡¡the¡¡conquest¡¡of¡¡Canada¡£¡¡Delay¡¡was¡¡causing¡¡all¡¡these¡¡disputes¡¡to¡¡fester£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡public¡¡mind¡¡of¡¡the¡¡two¡¡countries¡¡was¡¡infected¡¡with¡¡hostility¡£

Fortunately¡¡in¡¡1841¡¡new¡¡administrations¡¡came¡¡into¡¡power¡¡in¡¡both¡¡England¡¡and¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States¡£¡¡Neither¡¡the¡¡English¡¡Tories¡¡nor¡¡the¡¡American¡¡Whigs¡¡felt¡¡bound¡¡to¡¡maintain¡¡all¡¡the¡¡contentions¡¡of¡¡their¡¡predecessors£»¡¡and¡¡both¡¡desired¡¡to¡¡come¡¡to¡¡an¡¡agreement¡£¡¡The¡¡responsibility¡¡on¡¡the¡¡American¡¡side¡¡fell¡¡upon¡¡Daniel¡¡Webster£»¡¡the¡¡new¡¡Secretary¡¡of¡¡State¡£¡¡With¡¡less¡¡foreign¡¡experience¡¡than¡¡John¡¡Quincy¡¡Adams£»¡¡he¡¡was¡¡more¡¡a¡¡man¡¡of¡¡the¡¡world¡¡and¡¡a¡¡man¡¡among¡¡men¡£¡¡His¡¡conversation¡¡was¡¡decidedly¡¡less¡¡ponderous¡¡than¡¡his¡¡oratory£»¡¡and¡¡there¡¡was¡¡no¡¡more¡¡desirable¡¡dinner¡¡guest¡¡in¡¡America¡£¡¡Even¡¡in¡¡Webster's¡¡lightest¡¡moments£»¡¡his¡¡majestic¡¡head¡¡gave¡¡the¡¡impression¡¡of¡¡colossal¡¡mentality£»¡¡and¡¡his¡¡eyes£»¡¡when¡¡he¡¡was¡¡in¡¡earnest£»¡¡almost¡¡hypnotized¡¡those¡¡upon¡¡whom¡¡he¡¡bent¡¡his¡¡gaze¡£¡¡A¡¡leading¡¡figure¡¡in¡¡public¡¡life¡¡for¡¡twenty¡­five¡¡years£»¡¡he¡¡now¡¡attained¡¡administrative¡¡position¡¡for¡¡the¡¡first¡¡time£»¡¡and¡¡his¡¡constant¡¡practice¡¡at¡¡the¡¡bar¡¡had¡¡given¡¡something¡¡of¡¡a¡¡lawyerlike¡¡trend¡¡to¡¡his¡¡mind¡£

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It¡¡must¡¡not¡¡be¡¡supposed£»¡¡however£»¡¡that¡¡either¡¡Ashburton¡¡or¡¡Webster¡¡sacrificed¡¡the¡¡claims¡¡of¡¡his¡¡own¡¡Government¡£¡¡Webster¡¡certainly¡¡was¡¡a¡¡good¡¡attorney¡¡for¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States¡¡in¡¡settling¡¡the¡¡boundary¡¡disputes£»¡¡as¡¡is¡¡shown¡¡by¡¡the¡¡battle¡¡of¡¡the¡¡maps¡£¡¡The¡¡territorial¡¡contentions¡¡of¡¡both¡¡countries¡¡hung¡¡largely¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡interpretation¡¡of¡¡certain¡¡clauses¡¡of¡¡the¡¡first¡¡American¡¡treaty¡¡of¡¡peace¡£¡¡Webster¡¡therefore¡¡ordered¡¡a¡¡search¡¡for¡¡material¡¡to¡¡be¡¡made¡¡in¡¡the¡¡archives¡¡of¡¡Paris¡¡and¡¡London¡£¡¡In¡¡Paris¡¡there¡¡was¡¡brought¡¡to¡¡light¡¡a¡¡map¡¡with¡¡the¡¡boundary¡¡drawn¡¡in¡¡red£»¡¡possibly¡¡by¡¡Franklin£»¡¡and¡¡supporting¡¡the¡¡British¡¡contention¡£¡¡Webster¡¡refrained¡¡from¡¡showing¡¡this¡¡to¡¡Ashburton¡¡and¡¡ordered¡¡search¡¡in¡¡London¡¡discontinued¡£¡¡Ironically¡¡enough£»¡¡however£»¡¡a¡¡little¡¡later¡¡there¡¡was¡¡unearthed¡¡in¡¡the¡¡British¡¡Museum¡¡the¡¡actual¡¡map¡¡used¡¡by¡¡one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡British¡¡commissioners¡¡in¡¡1782£»¡¡which¡¡showed¡¡the¡¡boundary¡¡as¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States¡¡claimed¡¡it¡¡to¡¡be¡£¡¡Though¡¡they¡¡had¡¡been¡¡found¡¡too¡¡late¡¡to¡¡affect¡¡the¡¡negotiations£»¡¡these¡¡maps¡¡disturbed¡¡the¡¡Senate¡¡discussion¡¡of¡¡the¡¡matter¡£¡¡Yet£»¡¡as¡¡they¡¡offset¡¡each¡¡other£»¡¡they¡¡perhaps¡¡facilitated¡¡the¡¡acceptance¡¡of¡¡the¡¡treaty¡£

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The¡¡friendly¡¡spirit¡¡in¡¡which¡¡Webster¡¡and¡¡Ashburton¡¡had¡¡carried¡¡on¡¡their¡¡negotiations¡¡inaugurated¡¡a¡¡period¡¡of¡¡reasonable¡¡amity¡¡between¡¡their¡¡two¡¡nations¡£¡¡The¡¡United¡¡States¡¡annexed¡¡Texas¡¡without¡¡serious¡¡protest£»¡¡in¡¡spite¡¡of¡¡the¡¡clamor¡¡for¡¡¡¨fifty¡­four¡¡forty¡¡or¡¡fight£»¡¨¡¡Oregon¡¡was¡¡divided¡¡peacefully£»¡¡and¡¡England¡¡did¡¡not¡¡take¡¡advantage¡¡of¡¡the¡¡war¡¡with¡¡Mexico¡£¡¡Each¡¡of¡¡these¡¡events£»¡¡however£»¡¡added¡¡to¡¡American¡¡territory£»¡¡and¡¡these¡¡additions¡¡gave¡¡prominence¡¡to¡¡a¡¡new¡¡and¡¡vexing¡¡problem¡£¡¡The¡¡United¡¡States¡¡was¡¡now¡¡planted¡¡solidly¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡Pacific£»¡¡and¡¡its¡¡borders¡¡were¡¡practically¡¡those¡¡to¡¡which¡¡Adams¡¡had¡¡looked¡¡forward¡£¡¡Natural¡¡and¡¡unified¡¡as¡¡this¡¡area¡¡looks¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡map¡¡and¡¡actually¡¡is¡¡today£»¡¡in¡¡1850¡¡the¡¡extent¡¡of¡¡territorial¡¡expansion¡¡had¡¡overreached¡¡the¡¡means¡¡of¡¡transportation¡£¡¡The¡¡Great¡¡Plains£»¡¡then¡¡regarded¡¡as¡¡the¡¡Great¡¡American¡¡Desert£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Rockies¡¡presented¡¡impossible¡¡barriers¡¡to¡¡all¡¡but¡¡adventurous¡¡individuals¡£¡¡These¡¡men£»¡¡uniting¡¡in¡¡bands¡¡for¡¡self¡­protection¡¡and¡¡taking¡¡their¡¡lives¡¡in¡¡their¡¡hands£»¡¡were¡¡able¡¡with¡¡good¡¡luck¡¡to¡¡take¡¡themselves¡¡but¡¡little¡¡else¡¡across¡¡this¡¡central¡¡region¡¡and¡¡the¡¡western¡¡barrier¡£¡¡All¡¡ordinary¡¡communication£»¡¡all¡¡mail¡¡and¡¡all¡¡freight£»¡¡must¡¡go¡¡by¡¡sea¡£¡¡The¡¡United¡¡States¡¡was¡¡actually¡¡divided¡¡into¡¡two¡¡very¡¡unequal¡¡parts£»¡¡and¡¡California¡¡and¡¡Oregon¡¡were¡¡geographically¡¡far¡¡distant¡¡colonies¡£

The¡¡ocean¡¡highroad¡¡belonged¡¡to¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States¡¡in¡¡common¡¡with¡¡all¡¡nations£»¡¡but¡¡it¡¡took¡¡American¡¡ships¡¡to¡¡the¡¡opposite¡¡ends¡¡of¡¡the¡¡earth¡£¡¡No¡¡regular¡¡shuttle¡¡of¡¡traffic¡¡sufficient¡¡to¡¡weave¡¡the¡¡nation¡¡together¡¡could¡¡be¡¡expected¡¡to¡¡pass¡¡Cape¡¡Horn¡¡at¡¡every¡¡throw¡£¡¡The¡¡natural¡¡route¡¡lay¡¡obviously¡¡through¡¡the¡¡Caribbean£»¡¡across¡¡some¡¡one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡isthmuses£»¡¡and¡¡up¡¡the¡¡Pacific¡¡coast¡£¡¡Here¡¡however£»¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States¡¡would¡¡have¡¡to¡¡use¡¡territory¡¡belonging¡¡to¡¡other¡¡nations£»¡¡and¡¡to¡¡obtain¡¡the¡¡right¡¡of¡¡transit¡¡and¡¡security¡¡agreement¡¡was¡¡necessary¡£¡¡All¡¡these¡¡isthmus¡¡routes£»¡¡moreover£»¡¡needed¡¡improvement¡£¡¡Capital¡¡must¡¡be¡¡induced¡¡to¡¡do¡¡the¡¡work£»¡¡and¡¡one¡¡necessary¡¡inducement¡¡was¡¡a¡¡guarantee¡¡of¡¡stable¡¡conditions¡¡of¡¡investment¡£

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