seven discourses on art(ÒÕÊõÆß½²×ù)-µÚ12ÕÂ
°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡
nature£»¡¡he¡¡is¡¡to¡¡pronounce¡¡distinctly£»¡¡and¡¡with¡¡precision£»¡¡the¡¡general¡¡forms¡¡
of¡¡things¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡A¡¡firm¡¡and¡¡determined¡¡outline¡¡is¡¡one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡characteristics¡¡of¡¡
the¡¡¡¡¡¡great¡¡¡¡¡¡style¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡painting£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and£»¡¡¡¡¡¡let¡¡¡¡¡¡me¡¡¡¡¡¡add£»¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡¡¡¡¡who¡¡¡¡¡¡possesses¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
knowledge¡¡of¡¡the¡¡exact¡¡form£»¡¡that¡¡every¡¡part¡¡of¡¡nature¡¡ought¡¡to¡¡have£»¡¡will¡¡
be¡¡fond¡¡of¡¡expressing¡¡that¡¡knowledge¡¡with¡¡correctness¡¡and¡¡precision¡¡in¡¡all¡¡
his¡¡works¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡To¡¡¡¡¡¡conclude£º¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡endeavoured¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡reduce¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡idea¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡beauty¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡
general¡¡principles¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡And¡¡I¡¡had¡¡the¡¡pleasure¡¡to¡¡observe¡¡that¡¡the¡¡professor¡¡
of¡¡painting¡¡proceeded¡¡in¡¡the¡¡same¡¡method£»¡¡when¡¡he¡¡showed¡¡you¡¡that¡¡the¡¡
artifice¡¡of¡¡contrast¡¡was¡¡founded¡¡but¡¡on¡¡one¡¡principle¡£¡¡And¡¡I¡¡am¡¡convinced¡¡
that¡¡this¡¡is¡¡the¡¡only¡¡means¡¡of¡¡advancing¡¡science£»¡¡of¡¡clearing¡¡the¡¡mind¡¡from¡¡
a¡¡¡¡¡¡confused¡¡¡¡¡¡heap¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡contradictory¡¡¡¡¡¡observations£»¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡do¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡¡¡¡¡perplex¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡
puzzle¡¡the¡¡student¡¡when¡¡he¡¡compares¡¡them£»¡¡or¡¡misguide¡¡him¡¡if¡¡he¡¡gives¡¡
himself¡¡¡¡¡¡up¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡authority£»¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡¡¡¡¡bringing¡¡¡¡¡¡them¡¡¡¡under¡¡¡¡¡¡one¡¡¡¡¡¡general¡¡¡¡¡¡head¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡35¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡36¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡SEVEN¡¡DISCOURSES¡¡ON¡¡ART¡¡
can¡¡alone¡¡give¡¡rest¡¡and¡¡satisfaction¡¡to¡¡an¡¡inquisitive¡¡mind¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡36¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡37¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡SEVEN¡¡DISCOURSES¡¡ON¡¡ART¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡A¡¡DISCOURSE¡¡IV¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Delivered¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Students¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Royal¡¡Academy¡¡on¡¡the¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Distribution¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Prizes£»¡¡December¡¡10£»¡¡1771£»¡¡by¡¡the¡¡President¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Gentlemen£»The¡¡¡¡¡¡value¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡rank¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡every¡¡¡¡¡¡art¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡proportion¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
mental¡¡labour¡¡employed¡¡in¡¡it£»¡¡or¡¡the¡¡mental¡¡pleasure¡¡produced¡¡by¡¡it¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡As¡¡
this¡¡¡¡¡¡principle¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡observed¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡neglected£»¡¡¡¡¡¡our¡¡¡¡¡¡profession¡¡¡¡¡¡becomes¡¡¡¡¡¡either¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡
liberal¡¡art¡¡or¡¡a¡¡mechanical¡¡trade¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡In¡¡the¡¡hands¡¡of¡¡one¡¡man¡¡it¡¡makes¡¡the¡¡
highest¡¡pretensions£»¡¡as¡¡it¡¡is¡¡addressed¡¡to¡¡the¡¡noblest¡¡faculties£»¡¡In¡¡those¡¡of¡¡
another¡¡it¡¡is¡¡reduced¡¡to¡¡a¡¡mere¡¡matter¡¡of¡¡ornament£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡painter¡¡has¡¡but¡¡
the¡¡humble¡¡province¡¡of¡¡furnishing¡¡our¡¡apartments¡¡with¡¡elegance¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡This¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡exertion¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡mind£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡only¡¡¡¡¡¡circumstance¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡truly¡¡
ennobles¡¡¡¡¡¡our¡¡¡¡¡¡art£»¡¡¡¡¡¡makes¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡great¡¡¡¡¡¡distinction¡¡¡¡¡¡between¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Roman¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡
Venetian¡¡schools¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡have¡¡formerly¡¡observed¡¡that¡¡perfect¡¡form¡¡is¡¡produced¡¡
by¡¡¡¡¡¡leaving¡¡¡¡¡¡out¡¡¡¡¡¡particularities£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡retaining¡¡¡¡¡¡only¡¡¡¡¡¡general¡¡¡¡¡¡ideas¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡¡¡¡¡shall¡¡
now¡¡¡¡¡¡endeavour¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡show¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡¡¡principle£»¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡proved¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡
metaphysically¡¡¡¡¡¡just£»¡¡¡¡¡¡extends¡¡¡¡¡¡itself¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡every¡¡¡¡¡¡part¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡art£»¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡gives¡¡
what¡¡is¡¡called¡¡the¡¡grand¡¡style¡¡to¡¡invention£»¡¡to¡¡composition£»¡¡to¡¡expression£»¡¡
and¡¡even¡¡to¡¡colouring¡¡and¡¡drapery¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Invention¡¡in¡¡painting¡¡does¡¡not¡¡imply¡¡the¡¡invention¡¡of¡¡the¡¡subject£»¡¡for¡¡
that¡¡is¡¡commonly¡¡supplied¡¡by¡¡the¡¡poet¡¡or¡¡historian¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡With¡¡respect¡¡to¡¡the¡¡
choice£»¡¡no¡¡subject¡¡can¡¡be¡¡proper¡¡that¡¡is¡¡not¡¡generally¡¡interesting¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡It¡¡ought¡¡
to¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡either¡¡¡¡¡¡some¡¡¡¡¡¡eminent¡¡¡¡¡¡instance¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡heroic¡¡¡¡¡¡action¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡heroic¡¡¡¡¡¡suffering¡£¡¡
There¡¡must¡¡be¡¡something¡¡either¡¡in¡¡the¡¡action¡¡or¡¡in¡¡the¡¡object¡¡in¡¡which¡¡men¡¡
are¡¡universally¡¡concerned£»¡¡¡¡and¡¡which¡¡powerfully¡¡¡¡strikes¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡¡¡public¡¡
sympathy¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Strictly¡¡speaking£»¡¡indeed£»¡¡no¡¡subject¡¡can¡¡be¡¡of¡¡universal£»¡¡hardly¡¡can¡¡it¡¡
be¡¡of¡¡general¡¡concern£º¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡there¡¡are¡¡events¡¡and¡¡characters¡¡so¡¡popularly¡¡
known¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡those¡¡¡¡¡¡countries¡¡¡¡¡¡where¡¡¡¡¡¡our¡¡¡¡¡¡art¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡request£»¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡may¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡
considered¡¡as¡¡sufficiently¡¡general¡¡for¡¡all¡¡our¡¡purposes¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Such¡¡are¡¡the¡¡great¡¡
events¡¡of¡¡Greek¡¡and¡¡Roman¡¡fable¡¡and¡¡history£»¡¡which¡¡early¡¡education¡¡and¡¡
the¡¡¡¡¡¡usual¡¡¡¡¡¡course¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡reading¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡made¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡familiar¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡interesting¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡all¡¡
Europe£»¡¡without¡¡being¡¡degraded¡¡by¡¡the¡¡vulgarism¡¡of¡¡ordinary¡¡life¡¡in¡¡any¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡37¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡38¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡SEVEN¡¡DISCOURSES¡¡ON¡¡ART¡¡
country¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Such£»¡¡¡¡¡¡too£»¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡capital¡¡¡¡¡¡subjects¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Scripture¡¡¡¡¡¡history£»¡¡¡¡¡¡which£»¡¡
besides¡¡their¡¡general¡¡notoriety£»¡¡become¡¡venerable¡¡by¡¡their¡¡connection¡¡with¡¡
our¡¡religion¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡As¡¡it¡¡is¡¡required¡¡that¡¡the¡¡subject¡¡selected¡¡should¡¡be¡¡a¡¡general¡¡one£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡
no¡¡less¡¡necessary¡¡that¡¡it¡¡should¡¡be¡¡kept¡¡unembarrassed¡¡with¡¡whatever¡¡may¡¡
any¡¡way¡¡serve¡¡to¡¡divide¡¡the¡¡attention¡¡of¡¡the¡¡spectator¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Whenever¡¡a¡¡story¡¡
is¡¡¡¡¡¡related£»¡¡¡¡¡¡every¡¡¡¡¡¡man¡¡¡¡¡¡forms¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡picture¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡¡¡¡¡mind¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡action¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
expression¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡persons¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡employed¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡power¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡representing¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡
mental¡¡picture¡¡in¡¡canvas¡¡is¡¡what¡¡we¡¡call¡¡invention¡¡in¡¡a¡¡painter¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡And¡¡as¡¡in¡¡
the¡¡conception¡¡of¡¡this¡¡ideal¡¡picture¡¡the¡¡mind¡¡does¡¡not¡¡enter¡¡into¡¡the¡¡minute¡¡
peculiarities¡¡of¡¡the¡¡dress£»¡¡furniture£»¡¡or¡¡scene¡¡of¡¡action£»¡¡so¡¡when¡¡the¡¡painter¡¡
comes¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡represent¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡he¡¡¡¡contrives¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡those¡¡¡¡¡¡little¡¡¡¡necessary¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡concomitant¡¡
circumstances¡¡in¡¡such¡¡a¡¡manner¡¡that¡¡they¡¡shall¡¡strike¡¡the¡¡spectator¡¡no¡¡more¡¡
than¡¡they¡¡did¡¡himself¡¡in¡¡his¡¡first¡¡conception¡¡of¡¡the¡¡story¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡am¡¡very¡¡ready¡¡to¡¡allow¡¡that¡¡some¡¡circumstances¡¡of¡¡minuteness¡¡and¡¡
particularity¡¡¡¡¡¡frequently¡¡¡¡¡¡tend¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡give¡¡¡¡¡¡an¡¡¡¡¡¡air¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡truth¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡piece£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡
interest¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡spectator¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡an¡¡¡¡¡¡extraordinary¡¡¡¡¡¡manner¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Such¡¡¡¡¡¡circumstances£»¡¡
therefore£»¡¡¡¡¡¡cannot¡¡¡¡¡¡wholly¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡rejected£»¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡¡¡¡¡if¡¡¡¡¡¡there¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡anything¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡art¡¡
which¡¡requires¡¡peculiar¡¡nicety¡¡of¡¡discernment£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡the¡¡disposition¡¡of¡¡these¡¡
minute¡¡circumstantial¡¡parts¡¡which£»¡¡according¡¡to¡¡the¡¡judgment¡¡employed¡¡in¡¡
the¡¡choice£»¡¡become¡¡so¡¡useful¡¡to¡¡truth¡¡or¡¡so¡¡injurious¡¡to¡¡grandeur¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡However£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡usual¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡most¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡dangerous¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡error¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡side¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡
minuteness£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and£»¡¡¡¡¡¡therefore£»¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡¡¡¡¡think¡¡¡¡¡¡caution¡¡¡¡¡¡most¡¡¡¡¡¡necessary¡¡¡¡¡¡where¡¡¡¡¡¡most¡¡
have¡¡¡¡¡¡failed¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡general¡¡¡¡¡¡idea¡¡¡¡¡¡constitutes¡¡¡¡¡¡real¡¡¡¡¡¡excellence¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡All¡¡¡¡¡¡smaller¡¡
things£»¡¡however¡¡perfect¡¡in¡¡their¡¡way£»¡¡are¡¡to¡¡be¡¡sacrificed¡¡without¡¡mercy¡¡to¡¡
the¡¡¡¡¡¡greater¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡painter¡¡¡¡¡¡will¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡inquire¡¡¡¡¡¡what¡¡¡¡¡¡things¡¡¡¡¡¡may¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡admitted¡¡
without¡¡much¡¡censure¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡He¡¡will¡¡not¡¡think¡¡it¡¡enough¡¡to¡¡show¡¡that¡¡they¡¡may¡¡
be¡¡there£»¡¡he¡¡will¡¡show¡¡that¡¡they¡¡¡¡must¡¡be¡¡there£»¡¡that¡¡their¡¡absence¡¡would¡¡
render¡¡his¡¡picture¡¡maimed¡¡and¡¡defective¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Thus£»¡¡though¡¡to¡¡the¡¡principal¡¡group¡¡a¡¡second¡¡or¡¡third¡¡be¡¡added£»¡¡and¡¡a¡¡
second¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡third¡¡¡¡¡¡mass¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡light£»¡¡¡¡care¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡must¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡yet¡¡¡¡¡¡taken¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡these¡¡
subordinate¡¡actions¡¡and¡¡lights£»¡¡neither¡¡each¡¡in¡¡particular£»¡¡nor¡¡all¡¡together£»¡¡
come¡¡into¡¡any¡¡degree¡¡of¡¡competition¡¡with¡¡the¡¡principal£»¡¡they¡¡should¡¡make¡¡
a¡¡part¡¡of¡¡that¡¡whole¡¡which¡¡would¡¡be¡¡imperfect¡¡without¡¡them¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡To¡¡every¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡38¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡39¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡SEVEN¡¡DISCOURSES¡¡ON¡¡ART¡¡
part¡¡of¡¡painting¡¡this¡¡rule¡¡may¡¡be¡¡applied¡£¡¡Even¡¡in¡¡portraits£»¡¡the¡¡grace¡¡and£»¡¡
we¡¡may¡¡add£»¡¡the¡¡likeness£»¡¡consists¡¡more¡¡in¡¡taking¡¡the¡¡general¡¡air¡¡than¡¡in¡¡
observing¡¡the¡¡effect¡¡similitude¡¡of¡¡every¡¡feature¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Thus¡¡¡¡¡¡figures¡¡¡¡¡¡must¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡ground¡¡¡¡¡¡whereon¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡stand£»¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡must¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡
clothed£»¡¡there¡¡must¡¡be¡¡a¡¡background£»¡¡there¡¡must¡¡be¡¡light¡¡and¡¡shadow£»¡¡but¡¡
none¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡these¡¡¡¡¡¡ought¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡appear¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡taken¡¡¡¡¡¡up¡¡¡¡¡¡any¡¡¡¡¡¡part¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡artist's¡¡
attention¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡They¡¡¡¡should¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡so¡¡¡¡¡¡managed¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡even¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡catch¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡the¡¡
spectator¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡We¡¡know¡¡well¡¡enough£»¡¡when¡¡we¡¡analyse¡¡a¡¡piece£»¡¡the¡¡difficulty¡¡
and¡¡the¡¡subtlety¡¡with¡¡which¡¡an¡¡artist¡¡adjusts¡¡the¡¡background£»¡¡drapery£»¡¡and¡¡
masses¡¡of¡¡light£»¡¡we¡¡know¡¡that¡¡a¡¡considerable¡¡part¡¡of¡¡the¡¡grace¡¡and¡¡effect¡¡of¡¡
his¡¡picture¡¡depends¡¡upon¡¡them£»¡¡but¡¡this¡¡art¡¡is¡¡so¡¡much¡¡concealed£»¡¡even¡¡to¡¡a¡¡
judicious¡¡eye£»¡¡that¡¡no¡¡remains¡¡of¡¡any¡¡of¡¡these¡¡subordinate¡¡parts¡¡occur¡¡to¡¡
memory¡¡when¡¡the¡¡picture¡¡is¡¡not¡¡present¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡great