unto this last-第24章

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perhaps　more　accurately　still　in　the　Septuagint；　〃hoopoe；〃　a　bird



connected　typically　with　the　power　of　riches　by　many　traditions；



of　which　that　of　its　petition　for　a　crest　of　gold　is　perhaps　the



most　interesting。　The　〃Birds〃　of　Aristophanes；　in　which　its　part



is　principal；　are　full　of　them；　note　especially　the



〃fortification　of　the　air　with　baked　bricks；　like　Babylon；〃　I。



550；　and；　again；　compare　the　Plutus　of　Dante；　who　（to　show　the



influence　of　riches　in　destroying　the　reason）　is　the　only　one　of



the　powers　of　the　Inferno　who　cannot　speak　intelligibly　and　also



the　cowardliest；　he　is　not　merely　quelled　or　restrained；　but



literally　〃collapses〃　at　a　word；　the　sudden　and　helpless



operation　of　mercantile　panic　being　all　told　in　the　brief



metaphor；　〃as　the　sails；　swollen　with　the　wind；　fall；　when　the



mast　breaks。〃







29。　The　value　of　raw　material；　which　has；　indeed；　to　be　deducted



from　the　price　of　the　labour；　is　not　contemplated　in　the　passages



referred　to；　Mr。　Mill　having　fallen　into　the　mistake　solely　by



pursuing　the　collateral　results　of　the　payment　of　wages　to



middlemen。　He　says〃　The　consumer　does　not；　with　his　own　funds；



pay　the　weaver　for　his　day's　work。　〃Pardon　me；　the　consumer　of



the　velvet　pays　the　weaver　with　his　own　funds　as　much　as　he　pays



the　gardener。　He　pays；　probably；　an　intermediate　ship…owner；



velvet　merchant；　and　shopman；　pays　carriage　money；　shop　rent；



damage　money；　time　money；　and　care　money；　all　these　are　above　and



beside　the　velvet　price；　（just　as　the　wages　of　a　head　gardener



would　be　above　the　grass　price）。　but　the　velvet　is　as　much



produced　by　the　consumer's　capital；　though　he　does　not　pay　for　it



till　six　months　after　production；　as　the　grass　is　produced　by　his



capital；　though　he　does　not　pay　the　man　who　mowed　and　rolled　it



on　Monday；　till　Saturday　afternoon。　I　do　not　know　if　Mr。　Mill's



conclusion；　　〃the　capital　cannot　be　dispensed　with；　the



purchasers　can　〃　（p。　98）；　has　yet　been　reduced　to　practice　in　the



City　on　any　large　scale。　







30。　Which；　observe；　is　the　precise　opposite　of　the　one　under



examination。　The　hardware　theory　required　us　to　discharge　our



gardeners　and　engage　manufacturers；　the　velvet　theory　requires　us



to　discharge　our　manufacturers　and　engage　gardeners。　







31。　It　is　one　very　awful　form　of　the　operation　of　wealth　in



Europe　that　it　is　entirely　capitalists'　wealth　which　supports



unjust　wars。　Just　wars　do　not　need　so　much　money　to　support　them；



for　most　of　the　men　who　wage　such；　wage　them　gratis；　but　for　an



unjust　war；　men's　bodies　and　souls　have　both　to　be　bought；　and



the　best　tools　of　war　for　them　besides；　which　makes　such　war



costly　to　the　maximum；　not　to　speak　of　the　cost　of　base　fear；　and



angry　suspicion；　between　nations　which　have　not　grace　nor　honesty



enough　in　all　their　multitudes　to　buy　an　hour's　peace　of　mind



with：　as；　at　present；　France　and　England；　purchasing　of　each



other　ten　millions　sterling　worth　of　consternation　annually；　（a



remarkably　light　crop；　half　thorns　and　half　aspen　leaves；　



sown；　reaped；　and　granaried　by　the　〃science〃　of　the　modern



political　economist；　teaching　covetousness　instead　of　truth。）　And



all　unjust　war　being　supportable；　if　not　by　pillage　of　the　enemy；



only　by　loans　from　capitalists；　these　loans　are　repaid　by



subsequent　taxation　of　the　people；　who　appear　to　have　no　will　in



the　matter；　the　capitalists'　will　being　the　primary　root　of　the



war；　but　its　real　root　is　the　covetousness　of　the　whole　nation；



rendering　it　incapable　of　faith；　frankness；　or　justice；　and



bringing　about；　therefore；　in　due　time；　his　own　separate　loss　and



punishment　to　each　person。　







32。　〃In　all　reasoning　about　prices；　the　proviso　must　be



understood；　'supposing　all　parties　to　take　care　of　their　own



interest。'〃　　Mill；　III。　i。　5。　







33。　James　v。　4。　Observe；　in　these　statements　I　am　not　talking　up；



nor　countenancing　one　whit；　the　common　socialist　idea　of　division



of　property；　division　of　property　is　its　destruction；　and　with　it



the　destruction　of　all　hope；　all　industry；　and　all　justice：　it　is



simply　chaos　a　chaos　towards　which　the　believers　in　modern



political　economy　are　fast　tending；　and　from　which　I　am　striving



to　save　them。　The　rich　man　does　not　keep　back　meat　from　the　poor



by　retaining　his　riches；　but　by　basely　using　them。　Riches　are　a



form　of　strength；　and　a　strong　man　does　not　injure　others　by



keeping　his　strength；　but　by　using　it　injuriously。　The　socialist；



seeing　a　strong　man　oppress　a　weak　one；　cries　out。　　〃Break　the



strong　man's　arms。〃　but　I　say；　〃Teach　him　to　use　them　to　better



purpose。〃　The　fortitude　and　intelligence　which　acquire　riches　are



intended；　by　the　Giver　of　both；　not　to　scatter；　nor　to　give　away；



but　to　employ　those　riches　in　the　service　of　mankind；　in　other



words；　in　the　redemption　of　the　erring　and　aid　of　the　weak　



that　is　to　say；　there　is　first　to　be　the　work　to　gain　money；　then



the　Sabbath　of　use　for　it　　the　Sabbath；　whose　law　is；　not　to



lose　life；　but　to　save。　It　is　continually　the　fault　or　the　folly



of　the　poor　that　they　are　poor；　as　it　is　usually　a　child's　fault



if　it　falls　into　a　pond；　and　a　cripple's　weakness　that　slips　at　a



crossing；　nevertheless；　most　passers　　by　would　pull　the　child



out；　or　help　up　the　cripple。　Put　it　at　the　worst；　that　all　the



poor　of　the　world　are　but　disobedient　children；　or　careless



cripples；　and　that　all　rich　people　are　wise　and　strong；　and　you



will　see　at　once　that　neither　is　the　socialist　right　in　desiring



to　make　everybody　poor；　powerless；　and　foolish　as　he　is　himself；



nor　the　rich　man　right　in　leaving　the　children　in　the　mire。　







34。　The　quantity　of　life　is　the　same　in　both　cases；　but　it　is



differently　allotted。







35。　The　proper　offices　of　middle…men；　namely；　overseers　（or



authoritative　workmen）；　conveyancers　（merchants；　sailors；　retail



dealers；　&c。）；　and　order…takers　（persons　employed　to　receive



directions　from　the　consumer）；　must；　of　course；　be　examined



before　I　can　enter　farther　into　the　question　of　just　payment　of



the　first　producer。　But　I　have　not　spoken　of　them　in　these



introductory　papers；　because　the　evils　attendant　on　the　abuse　of



such　intermediate　functions　result　not　from　any　alleged　principle



of　modern　political　economy；　but　from　private　carelessness　or



iniquity。　









The　End