unto this last-第21章

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partial；　and；　because　partial；　apparently　unjust；　but　if　they



examine　all　the　evidence　on　the　other　side；　which　Dickens　seems



to　overlook；　it　will　appear；　after　all　their　trouble；　that　his



view　was　the　finally　right　one；　grossly　and　sharply　told。　







2。　I　have　been　naturally　asked　several　times；　with　respect　to　the



sentence　in　the　first　of　these　papers；　〃the　bad　workmen



unemployed；〃　〃But　what　are　you　to　do　with　your　bad　unemployed



workmen？〃　Well；　it　seems　to　me　the　question　might　have　occurred



to　you　before。　Your　housemaid's　place　is　vacant　　you　give



twenty　pounds　a　year…two　girls　come　for　it；　one　neatly　dressed；



the　other　dirtily；　one　with　good　recommendations；　the　other　with



none。　You　do　not；　under　these　circumstances；　usually　ask　the



dirty　one　if　she　will　come　for　fifteen　pounds；　or　twelve；　and；　on



her　consenting；　take　her　instead　of　the　well…recommended　one。



Still　less　do　you　try　to　beat　both　down　by　making　them　bid



against　each　other；　till　you　can　hire　both；　one　at　twelve　pounds



a　year；　and　the　other　at　eight。　You　simply　take　the　one　fittest



for　the　place；　and　send　away　the　other；　not　perhaps　concerning



yourself　quite　as　much　as　you　should　with　the　question　which　you



now　impatiently　put　to　me；　〃What　is　to　become　of　her？〃　For　all



that　I　advise　you　to　do；　is　to　deal　with　workmen　as　with



servants；　and　verily　the　question　is　of　weight：　〃Your　bad



workman；　idler；　and　rogue　　what　are　you　to　do　with　him？〃



　　　　We　will　consider　of　this　presently：　remember　that　the



administration　of　a　complete　system　of　national　commerce　and



industry　cannot　be　explained　in　full　detail　within　the　space　of



twelve　pages。　Meantime；　consider　whether；　there　being　confessedly



some　difficulty　in　dealing　with　rogues　and　idlers；　it　may　not　be



advisable　to　produce　as　few　of　them　as　possible。　If　you　examine



into　the　history　of　rogues；　you　will　find　they　are　as　truly



manufactured　articles　as　anything　else；　and　it　is　just　because



our　present　system　of　political　economy　gives　so　large　a　stimulus



to　that　manufacture　that　you　may　know　it　to　be　a　false　one。　We



had　better　seek　for　a　system　which　will　develop　honest　men；　than



for　one　which　will　deal　cunningly　with　vagabonds。　Let　us　reform



our　schools；　and　we　shall　find　little　reform　needed　in　our



prisons。　







3。　The　disputes　which　exist　respecting　the　real　nature　of　money



arise　more　from　the　disputants　examining　its　functions　on



different　sides；　than　from　any　real　dissent　in　their　opinions。



All　money；　properly　so　called；　is　an　acknowledgment　of　debt；　but



as　such；　it　may　either　be　considered　to　represent　the　labour　and



property　of　the　creditor；　or　the　idleness　and　penury　of　the



debtor。　The　intricacy　of　the　question　has　been　much　increased　by



the　（hitherto　necessary）　use　of　marketable　commodities；　such　as



gold；　silver；　salt；　shells；　&c。；　to　give　intrinsic　value　or



security　to　currency；　but　the　final　and　best　definition　of　money



is　that　it　is　a　documentary　promise　ratified　and　guaranteed　by



the　nation　to　give　or　find　a　certain　quantity　of　labour　on



demand。　A　man's　labour　for　a　day　is　a　better　standard　of　value



than　a　measure　of　any　produce；　because　no　produce　ever　maintains



a　consistent　rate　of　productibility。　







4。　More　accurately；　Sun　of　Justness；　but；　instead　of　the　harsh



word　〃Justness；〃　the　old　English　〃Righteousness〃　being　commonly



employed；　has；　by　getting　confused　with　〃godliness；〃　or



attracting　about　it　various　vague　and　broken　meanings。　prevented



most　persons　from　receiving　the　force　of　the　passages　in　which　it



occurs。　The　word　〃righteousness〃　properly　refers　to　the　justice



of　rule；　or　right；　as　distinguished　from　〃equity；〃　which　refers



to　the　justice　of　balance。　More　broadly；　Righteousness　is　King's



justice；　and　Equity；　Judge's　justice；　the　King　guiding　or　ruling



all；　the　Judge　dividing　or　discerning　between　opposites



（therefore　the　double　question；　〃Man；　who　made　me　a　ruler　



dikastes　　or　a　dividermeristes　　over　you？〃）　Thus；　with



respect　to　the　Justice　of　Choice　（selection；　the　feebler　and



passive　justice）；　we　have　from　lego；　　lex；　legal；　loi；　and



loyal；　and　with　respect　to　the　Justice　of　Rule　（direction；　the



stronger　and　active　justice）；　we　have　from　rego；　　rex；　regal；



roi；　and　royal。







5。　In　another　place　written　with　the　same　meaning；　〃Just；　and



having　salvation。〃







6。　〃Length　of　days　in　her　right　hand；　in　her　left；　riches　and



honour。〃







7。　I　hear　that　several　of　our　lawyers　have　been　greatly　amused　by



the　statement　in　the　first　of　these　papers　that　a　lawyer's



function　was　to　do　justice。　I　did　not　intend　it　for　a　jest；



nevertheless　it　will　be　seen　that　in　the　above　passage　neither



the　determination　nor　doing　of　justice　are　contemplated　as



functions　wholly　peculiar　to　the　lawyer。　Possibly；　the　more　our



standing　armies；　whether　of　soldiers；　pastors；　or　legislators



（the　generic　term　〃pastor〃　including　all　teachers；　and　the



generic　term　〃lawyer〃　including　makers　as　well　as　interpreters　of



law）；　can　be　superseded　by　the　force　of　national　heroism；　wisdom；



and　honesty；　the　better　it　may　be　for　the　nation。　







8。　It　being　the　privilege　of　the　fishes；　as　it　is　of　rats　and



wolves；　to　live　by　the　laws　of　demand　and　supply；　but　the



distinction　of　humanity；　to　live　by　those　of　right。　







9。　It　might　appear　at　first　that　the　market　price　of　labour



expressed　such　an　exchange：　but　this　is　a　fallacy；　for　the　market



price　is　the　momentary　price　of　the　kind　of　labour　required；　but



the　just　price　is　its　equivalent　of　the　productive　labour　of



mankind。　This　difference　will　be　analyzed　in　its　place。　It　must



be　noted　also　that　I　speak　here　only　of　the　exchangeable　value　of



labour；　not　of　that　of　commodities。　The　exchangeable　value　of　a



commodity　is　that　of　the　labour　required　to　produce　it；



multiplied　into　the　force　of　the　demand　for　it。　If　the　value　of



the　labour　=　x　and　the　force　of　demand　=　y；　the　exchangeable



value　of　the　commodity　is　xy；　in　which　if　either　x　=　0；　or　y　=　0；



xy　=　0。







10。　Under　the　term　〃skill〃　I　mean　to　include　the　united　force　of



experience；　intellect；　and　passion　in　their　operation　on　manual



labour：　and　under　the　term　〃passion；〃　to　include　the　entire　range



and　agency　of　the　moral　feelings；　from　the　simple　patience　and



gentleness　of　mind　which　will　give　continuity　and　fineness　to　the



touch；　or　enable　one　person　to　work　without　fatigue；　and　with



good　effect；　twice　as　long　as　another；　up　to　the　qualities　of



character　which　renders　science　possible　　（the　retardation　of



science　by　envy　is　one　of　the　most　tremendous　losses　in　the



economy　of　the　present　century）　　and　to　the　incommunicable



emotion　and　imagination　which　are　the　first　and　mightiest　sources



of　all　value　in　art。



　　　　It　is　highly　singular　that　political　economists　should　not



yet　have　perceived；　if　not　the　moral；　at　least　the　passionate



element；　to　be　an　inextricable　quantity　in　every　calculation。　I



cannot　conceive；　for　instance；　how　it　was　possible　that　Mr　Mill



should　have　followed　the　true　clue　so　far　as　to　write；　　〃No



limit　can　be　set　to　the　importance　　even　in　a　purely　productive



and　material　point　of　view　　of　mere　thought；〃　without　seeing



that　it　was　logically　necessary　to　add　also；　〃and　of　mere



feeling。〃　And　this　the　more；　because　in　his　first　definition　of



labour　he　includes　in　the　idea　of　it　〃all　feelings　of　a



disagreeable　kind　connected　with　the　employment　of　one's　thoughts



in　a　particular　occupation。〃　True；　but　why　not　also；　〃feelings　of



an　agreeable　kind？〃　It