the essays of montaigne, v3-第7章
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The premeditation of death is the premeditation of liberty; he who has
learned to die has unlearned to serve。 There is nothing evil in life for
him who rightly comprehends that the privation of life is no evil: to
know; how to die delivers us from all subjection and constraint。 Paulus
Emilius answered him whom the miserable King of Macedon; his prisoner;
sent to entreat him that he would not lead him in his triumph; 〃Let him
make that request to himself。〃 ' Plutarch; Life of Paulus Aemilius;
c。 17; Cicero; Tusc。; v。 40。'
In truth; in all things; if nature do not help a little; it is very hard
for art and industry to perform anything to purpose。 I am in my own
nature not melancholic; but meditative; and there is nothing I have more
continually entertained myself withal than imaginations of death; even in
the most wanton time of my age:
〃Jucundum quum aetas florida ver ageret。〃
'〃When my florid age rejoiced in pleasant spring。〃
Catullus; lxviii。'
In the company of ladies; and at games; some have perhaps thought me
possessed with some jealousy; or the uncertainty of some hope; whilst I
was entertaining myself with the remembrance of some one; surprised; a
few days before; with a burning fever of which he died; returning from an
entertainment like this; with his head full of idle fancies of love and
jollity; as mine was then; and that; for aught I knew; the same…destiny
was attending me。
〃Jam fuerit; nec post unquam revocare licebit。〃
'〃Presently the present will have gone; never to be recalled。〃
Lucretius; iii。 928。'
Yet did not this thought wrinkle my forehead any more than any other。
It is impossible but we must feel a sting in such imaginations as these;
at first; but with often turning and returning them in one's mind; they;
at last; become so familiar as to be no trouble at all: otherwise; I; for
my part; should be in a perpetual fright and frenzy; for never man was so
distrustful of his life; never man so uncertain as to its duration。
Neither health; which I have hitherto ever enjoyed very strong and
vigorous; and very seldom interrupted; does prolong; nor sickness
contract my hopes。 Every minute; methinks; I am escaping; and it
eternally runs in my mind; that what may be done to…morrow; may be done
to…day。 Hazards and dangers do; in truth; little or nothing hasten our
end; and if we consider how many thousands more remain and hang over our
heads; besides the accident that immediately threatens us; we shall find
that the sound and the sick; those that are abroad at sea; and those that
sit by the fire; those who are engaged in battle; and those who sit idle
at home; are the one as near it as the other。
〃Nemo altero fragilior est; nemo in crastinum sui certior。〃
'〃No man is more fragile than another: no man more certain than
another of to…morrow。〃Seneca; Ep。; 91。'
For anything I have to do before I die; the longest leisure would appear
too short; were it but an hour's business I had to do。
A friend of mine the other day turning over my tablets; found therein a
memorandum of something I would have done after my decease; whereupon I
told him; as it was really true; that though I was no more than a
league's distance only from my own house; and merry and well; yet when
that thing came into my head; I made haste to write it down there;
because I was not certain to live till I came home。 As a man that am
eternally brooding over my own thoughts; and confine them to my own
particular concerns; I am at all hours as well prepared as I am ever like
to be; and death; whenever he shall come; can bring nothing along with
him I did not expect long before。 We should always; as near as we can;
be booted and spurred; and ready to go; and; above all things; take care;
at that time; to have no business with any one but one's self:
〃Quid brevi fortes jaculamur avo
Multa?〃
'〃Why for so short a life tease ourselves with so many projects?〃
Hor。; Od。; ii。 16; 17。'
for we shall there find work enough to do; without any need of addition。
One man complains; more than of death; that he is thereby prevented of a
glorious victory; another; that he must die before he has married his
daughter; or educated his children; a third seems only troubled that he
must lose the society of his wife; a fourth; the conversation of his son;
as the principal comfort and concern of his being。 For my part; I am;
thanks be to God; at this instant in such a condition; that I am ready to
dislodge; whenever it shall please Him; without regret for anything
whatsoever。 I disengage myself throughout from all worldly relations;
my leave is soon taken of all but myself。 Never did any one prepare to
bid adieu to the world more absolutely and unreservedly; and to shake
hands with all manner of interest in it; than I expect to do。 The
deadest deaths are the best:
〃‘Miser; O miser;' aiunt; 'omnia ademit
Una dies infesta mihi tot praemia vitae。'〃
'〃'Wretch that I am;' they cry; 'one fatal day has deprived me of
all joys of life。'〃Lucretius; iii。 911。'
And the builder;
〃Manuet;〃 says he; 〃opera interrupta; minaeque
Murorum ingentes。〃
'〃The works remain incomplete; the tall pinnacles of the walls
unmade。〃AEneid; iv。 88。'
A man must design nothing that will require so much time to the
finishing; or; at least; with no such passionate desire to see it brought
to perfection。 We are born to action:
〃Quum moriar; medium solvar et inter opus。〃
'〃When I shall die; let it be doing that I had designed。〃
Ovid; Amor。; ii。 10; 36。
I would always have a man to be doing; and; as much as in him lies; to
extend and spin out the offices of life; and then let death take me
planting my cabbages; indifferent to him; and still less of my gardens
not being finished。 I saw one die; who; at his last gasp; complained of
nothing so much as that destiny was about to cut the thread of a
chronicle he was then compiling; when he was gone no farther than the
fifteenth or sixteenth of our kings:
〃Illud in his rebus non addunt: nec tibi earum
jam desiderium rerum super insidet una。〃
'〃They do not add; that dying; we have no longer a desire to possess
things。〃Lucretius; iii。 913。'
We are to discharge ourselves from these vulgar and hurtful humours。
To this purpose it was that men first appointed the places of sepulture
adjoining the churches; and in the most frequented places of the city; to
accustom; says Lycurgus; the common people; women; and children; that
they should not be startled at the sight of a corpse; and to the end;
that the continual spectacle of bones; graves; and funeral obsequies
should put us in mind of our frail condition:
〃Quin etiam exhilarare viris convivia caede
Mos olim; et miscere epulis spectacula dira
Certantum ferro; saepe et super ipsa cadentum
Pocula; respersis non parco sanguine mensis。〃
'〃It was formerly the custom to enliven banquets with slaughter; and
to combine with the repast the dire spectacle of men contending with
the sword; the dying in many cases falling upon the cups; and
covering the tables with blood。〃Silius Italicus; xi。 51。'
And as the Egyptians after their feasts were wont to present the company
with a great image of death; by one that cried out to them; 〃Drink and be
merry; for such shalt thou be when thou art dead〃; so it is my custom to
have death not only in my imagination; but continually in my mouth。
Neither is there anything of which I am so inquisitive; and delight to
inform myself; as the manner of men's deaths; their words; looks; and
bearing; nor any places in history I am so intent upon; and it is
manifest enough; by my crowding in examples of this kind; that I have a
particular fancy for that subject。 If I were a writer of books; I would
compile a register; with a comment; of the various deaths of men: he who
should teach men to die would a