the critique of pure reason-第49章

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never　could　be　possible；　if　we　admitted　the　possibility　that　new

things　（in　respect　of　their　substance）　should　arise。　For　in　that　case；

we　should　lose　altogether　that　which　alone　can　represent　the　unity

of　time；　to　wit；　the　identity　of　the　substratum；　as　that　through　which

alone　all　change　possesses　complete　and　thorough　unity。　This

permanence　is；　however；　nothing　but　the　manner　in　which　we　represent

to　ourselves　the　existence　of　things　in　the　phenomenal　world。



　　*＇Persius；　Satirae；　iii。83…84。　〃Nothing　can　be　produced　from

nothing；　nothing　can　be　returned　into　nothing。〃＇



　　The　determinations　of　a　substance；　which　are　only　particular　modes

of　its　existence；　are　called　accidents。　They　are　always　real；

because　they　concern　the　existence　of　substance　（negations　are　only

determinations；　which　express　the　non…existence　of　something　in　the

substance）。　Now；　if　to　this　real　in　the　substance　we　ascribe　a

particular　existence　（for　example；　to　motion　as　an　accident　of

matter）；　this　existence　is　called　inherence；　in　contradistinction　to

the　existence　of　substance；　which　we　call　subsistence。　But　hence　arise

many　misconceptions；　and　it　would　be　a　more　accurate　and　just　mode

of　expression　to　designate　the　accident　only　as　the　mode　in　which

the　existence　of　a　substance　is　positively　determined。　Meanwhile；　by

reason　of　the　conditions　of　the　logical　exercise　of　our　understanding；

it　is　impossible　to　avoid　separating；　as　it　were；　that　which　in　the

existence　of　a　substance　is　subject　to　change；　whilst　the　substance

remains；　and　regarding　it　in　relation　to　that　which　is　properly

permanent　and　radical。　On　this　account；　this　category　of　substance

stands　under　the　title　of　relation；　rather　because　it　is　the　condition

thereof　than　because　it　contains　in　itself　any　relation。

　　Now；　upon　this　notion　of　permanence　rests　the　proper　notion　of　the

conception　change。　Origin　and　extinction　are　not　changes　of　that　which

originates　or　becomes　extinct。　Change　is　but　a　mode　of　existence；

which　follows　on　another　mode　of　existence　of　the　same　object；　hence

all　that　changes　is　permanent；　and　only　the　condition　thereof　changes。

Now　since　this　mutation　affects　only　determinations；　which　can　have

a　beginning　or　an　end；　we　may　say；　employing　an　expression　which　seems

somewhat　paradoxical：　〃Only　the　permanent　（substance）　is　subject　to

change；　the　mutable　suffers　no　change；　but　rather　alternation；　that

is；　when　certain　determinations　cease；　others　begin。〃

　　Change；　when；　cannot　be　perceived　by　us　except　in　substances；　and

origin　or　extinction　in　an　absolute　sense；　that　does　not　concern

merely　a　determination　of　the　permanent；　cannot　be　a　possible

perception；　for　it　is　this　very　notion　of　the　permanent　which

renders　possible　the　representation　of　a　transition　from　one　state

into　another；　and　from　non…being　to　being；　which；　consequently；　can　be

empirically　cognized　only　as　alternating　determinations　of　that

which　is　permanent。　Grant　that　a　thing　absolutely　begins　to　be；　we

must　then　have　a　point　of　time　in　which　it　was　not。　But　how　and　by

what　can　we　fix　and　determine　this　point　of　time；　unless　by　that　which

already　exists？　For　a　void　time…　preceding…　is　not　an　object　of

perception；　but　if　we　connect　this　beginning　with　objects　which

existed　previously；　and　which　continue　to　exist　till　the　object　in

question　in　question　begins　to　be；　then　the　latter　can　only　be　a

determination　of　the　former　as　the　permanent。　The　same　holds　good　of

the　notion　of　extinction；　for　this　presupposes　the　empirical

representation　of　a　time；　in　which　a　phenomenon　no　longer　exists。

　　Substances　（in　the　world　of　phenomena）　are　the　substratum　of　all

determinations　of　time。　The　beginning　of　some；　and　the　ceasing　to　be

of　other　substances；　would　utterly　do　away　with　the　only　condition

of　the　empirical　unity　of　time；　and　in　that　case　phenomena　would

relate　to　two　different　times；　in　which；　side　by　side；　existence　would

pass；　which　is　absurd。　For　there　is　only　one　time　in　which　all

different　times　must　be　placed；　not　as　coexistent；　but　as　successive。

　　Accordingly；　permanence　is　a　necessary　condition　under　which　alone

phenomena；　as　things　or　objects；　are　determinable　in　a　possible

experience。　But　as　regards　the　empirical　criterion　of　this　necessary

permanence；　and　with　it　of　the　substantiality　of　phenomena；　we　shall

find　sufficient　opportunity　to　speak　in　the　sequel。



　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　B。　SECOND　ANALOGY。



　　　　　　Principle　of　the　Succession　of　Time　According

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　to　the　Law　of　Causality。



　　　　　All　changes　take　place　according　to　the　law　of　the

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　connection　of　Cause　and　Effect。



　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　PROOF。



　　（That　all　phenomena　in　the　succession　of　time　are　only　changes；　that

is；　a　successive　being　and　non…being　of　the　determinations　of

substance；　which　is　permanent；　consequently　that　a　being　of

substance　itself　which　follows　on　the　non…being　thereof；　or　a

non…being　of　substance　which　follows　on　the　being　thereof；　in　other

words；　that　the　origin　or　extinction　of　substance　itself；　is

impossible…　all　this　has　been　fully　established　in　treating　of　the

foregoing　principle。　This　principle　might　have　been　expressed　as

follows：　〃All　alteration　（succession）　of　phenomena　is　merely

change〃；　for　the　changes　of　substance　are　not　origin　or　extinction；

because　the　conception　of　change　presupposes　the　same　subject　as

existing　with　two　opposite　determinations；　and　consequently　as

permanent。　After　this　premonition；　we　shall　proceed　to　the　proof。）

　　I　perceive　that　phenomena　succeed　one　another；　that　is　to　say；　a

state　of　things　exists　at　one　time；　the　opposite　of　which　existed　in　a

former　state。　In　this　case；　then；　I　really　connect　together　two

perceptions　in　time。　Now　connection　is　not　an　operation　of　mere

sense　and　intuition；　but　is　the　product　of　a　synthetical　faculty　of

imagination；　which　determines　the　internal　sense　in　respect　of　a

relation　of　time。　But　imagination　can　connect　these　two　states　in

two　ways；　so　that　either　the　one　or　the　other　may　antecede　in　time；

for　time　in　itself　cannot　be　an　object　of　perception；　and　what　in　an

object　precedes　and　what　follows　cannot　be　empirically　determined　in

relation　to　it。　I　am　only　conscious；　then；　that　my　imagination

places　one　state　before　and　the　other　after；　not　that　the　one　state

antecedes　the　other　in　the　object。　In　other　words；　the　objective

relation　of　the　successive　phenomena　remains　quite　undetermined　by

means　of　mere　perception。　Now　in　order　that　this　relation　may　be

cognized　as　determined；　the　relation　between　the　two　states　must　be　so

cogitated　that　it　is　thereby　determined　as　necessary；　which　of　them

must　be　placed　before　and　which　after；　and　not　conversely。　But　the

conception　which　carries　with　it　a　necessity　of　synthetical　unity；　can

be　none　other　than　a　pure　conception　of　the　understanding　which　does

not　lie　in　mere　perception；　and　in　this　case　it　is　the　conception　of

〃the　relation　of　cause　and　effect；〃　the　former　of　which　determines　the

latter　in　time；　as　its　necessary　consequence；　and　not　as　something

which　might　possibly　antecede　（or　which　might　in　some　cases　not　be

perceived　to　follow）。　It　follows　that　it　is　only　because　we　subject

the　sequence　of　phenomena；　and　consequently　all　change；　to　the　law

of　causality；　that　experience　itself；　that　is；　empirical　cognition

of　phenomena；　becomes　possible；　and　consequently；　that　phenomena

themselves；　as　objects　of　experience；　are　possible　only　by　virtue　of

this　law。

　　Our　apprehension　of　the　manifold　of　phenomena　is　always

successive。　The　representations　of　parts　succeed　one　another。

Whether　they　succeed　one　another　in　the　object　also；　is　a　second　point

for　reflection；　which　was　not　contained　in　the　former。　Now　we　may

certainly　give　the　name　of　object　to　everything；　even　to　every

representation；　so　far　as　we　are　conscious　thereof；　but　what　this　word

may　mean　in　the　case　of　phenomena；　not　merely　in　so　far　as　they　（as