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第9章

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instruction gratis; in reading; writing; arithmetic as far as

fractions; the roots and ratios; and geography。  The Legislature at

one time tried an ineffectual expedient for introducing this plan;

which having failed; it is hoped they will some day resume it in a

more promising form。




        2。 General schools。




        At the discharging of the pupils from the elementary schools;

the two classes separate  those destined for labor will engage in

the business of agriculture; or enter into apprenticeships to such

handicraft art as may be their choice; their companions; destined to

the pursuits of science; will proceed to the college; which will

consist; 1st of general schools; and; 2d; of professional schools。

The general schools will constitute the second grade of education。




        The learned class may still be subdivided into two sections: 1;

Those who are destined for learned professions; as means of

livelihood; and; 2; The wealthy; who; possessing independent

fortunes; may aspire to share in conducting the affairs of the

nation; or to live with usefulness and respect in the private ranks

of life。  Both of these sections will require instruction in all the

higher branches of science; the wealthy to qualify them for either

public or private life; the professional section will need those

branches; especially; which are the basis of their future profession;

and a general knowledge of the others; as auxiliary to that; and

necessary to their standing and association with the scientific

class。  All the branches; then; of useful science; ought to be taught

in the general schools; to a competent degree; in the first instance。

These sciences may be arranged into three departments; not rigorously

scientific; indeed; but sufficiently so for our purposes。  These are;

I。 Language; II。 Mathematics; III。  Philosophy。




        I。 Language。 In the first department; I would arrange a

distinct science。  1; Languages and History; ancient and modern; 2;

Grammar; 3; Belles Lettres; 4; Rhetoric and Oratory; 5; A school for

the deaf; dumb and blind。  History is here associated with languages;

not as a kindred subject; but on the principle of economy; because

both may be attained by the same course of reading; if books are

selected with that view。




        II。 Mathematics。 In the department of Mathematics; I should

give place distinctly: 1; Mathematics pure; 2; Physico…Mathematics;

3; Physic; 4; Chemistry; 5; Natural History; to wit: Mineralogy; 6;

Botany; and 7; Zoology; 8; Anatomy; 9; the Theory of Medicine。




        III。 Philosophy。 In the Philosophical department; I should

distinguish: 1; Ideology; 2; Ethics; 3; the Law of Nature and

Nations; 4; Government; 5; Political Economy。




        But; some of these terms being used by different writers; in

different degrees of extension; I shall define exactly what I mean to

comprehend in each of them。




        I。 3。 Within the term of Belles Lettres I include poetry and

composition generally; and criticism。




        II。 1。 I consider pure mathematics as the science of; 1;

Numbers; and 2; Measure in the abstract; that of numbers

comprehending Arithmetic; Algebra and Fluxions; that of Measure

(under the general appellation of Geometry); comprehending

Trigonometry; plane and spherical; conic sections; and transcendental

curves。




        II。 2。 Physico…Mathematics treat of physical subjects by the

aid of mathematical calculation。  These are Mechanics; Statics;

Hydrostatics; Hydrodynamics; Navigation; Astronomy; Geography;

Optics; Pneumatics; Acoustics。




        II。 3。 Physics; or Natural Philosophy (not entering the limits

of Chemistry) treat of natural substances; their properties; mutual

relations and action。  They particularly examine the subjects of

motion; action; magnetism; electricity; galvanism; light;

meteorology; with an etc。 not easily enumerated。  These definitions

and specifications render immaterial the question whether I use the

generic terms in the exact degree of comprehension in which others

use them; to be understood is all that is necessary to the present

object。




        3。 Professional Schools。




        At the close of this course the students separate; the wealthy

retiring; with a sufficient stock of knowledge; to improve themselves

to any degree to which their views may lead them; and the

professional section to the professional schools; constituting the

third grade of education; and teaching the particular sciences which

the individuals of this section mean to pursue; with more minuteness

and detail than was within the scope of the general schools for the

second grade of instruction。  In these professional schools each

science is to be taught in the highest degree it has yet attained。

They are to be the




        1st Department; the fine arts; to wit: Civil Architecture;

Gardening; Painting; Sculpture; and the Theory of Music; the




        2nd Department; Architecture; Military and Naval; Projectiles;

Rural Economy (comprehending Agriculture; Horticulture and

Veterinary); Technical Philosophy; the Practice of Medicine; Materia

Medica; Pharmacy and Surgery。  In the




        3rd Department; Theology and Ecclesiastical History; Law;

Municipal and Foreign。




        To these professional schools will come those who separated at

the close of their first elementary course; to wit:




        The lawyer to the law school。




        The ecclesiastic to that of theology and ecclesiastical

history。




        The physican to those of medicine; materia medica; pharmacy and

surgery。




        The military man to that of military and naval architecture and

projectiles。




        The agricultor to that of rural economy。




        The gentleman; the architect; the pleasure gardener; painter

and musician to the school of fine arts。




 

        And to that of technical philosophy will come the mariner;

carpenter; shipwright; pumpmaker; clockmaker; machinist; optician;

metallurgist; founder; cutler; druggist; brewer; vintner; distiller;

dyer; painter; bleacher; soapmaker; tanner; powdermaker; saltmaker;

glassmaker; to learn as much as shall be necessary to pursue their

art understandingly; of the sciences of geometry; mechanics; statics;

hydrostatics; hydraulics; hydrodynamics; navigation; astronomy;

geography; optics; pneumatics; physics; chemistry; natural history;

botany; mineralogy and pharmacy。




        The school of technical philosophy will differ essentially in

its functions from the other professional schools。  The others are

instituted to ramify and dilate the particular sciences taught in the

schools of the second grade on a general scale only。  The technical

school is to abridge those which were taught there too much _in

extenso_ for the limited wants of the artificer or practical man。

These artificers must be grouped together; according to the

particular branch of science in which they need elementary and

practical instruction; and a special lecture or lectures should be

prepared for each group。  And these lectures should be given in the

evening; so as not to interrupt the labors of the day。  The school;

particularly; should be maintained wholly at the public expense; on

the same principles with that of the ward schools。  Through the whole

of the collegiate course; at the hours of recreation on certain days;

all the students should be taught the manual exercise; military

evolutions and man;oeuvers should be under a standing organization as

a military corps; and with proper officers to train and command them;




        A tabular statement of this distribution of the sciences will

place the system of instruction more particularly in view:




        1st or Elementary Grade in the Ward Schools。

                Reading; Writing; Arithmetic; Geography。

        2d; or General Grade。

            

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