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The Psychology of Revolution



Gustave le Bon









CONTENTS

                                                                 

INTRODUCTION。  THE REVISION OF HISTORY 

PART I



THE PSYCHOLOGICAL ELEMENTS OF REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENTS





BOOK I



GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF REVOLUTIONS



CHAPTER I。  SCIENTIFIC AND POLITICAL REVOLUTIONS 

1。  Classification of Revolutions

2。  Scientific Revolutions

3。  Political Revolutions

4。  The results of Political Revolutions



CHAPTER II。  RELIGIOUS REVOLUTIONS

1。  The importance of the study of Religious Revolutions in

    respect of the comprehension of the great Political

    Revolutions

2。  The beginnings of the Reformation and its first

    disciples

3。  Rational value of the doctrines of the Reformation

4。  Propagation of the Reformation

5。  Conflict between different religious beliefs。  The

    impossibility of tolerance 

6。  The results of Religious Revolutions 



CHAPTER III。  THE ACTION OF GOVERNMENTS IN REVOLUTIONS

1。  The feeble resistance of Governments in time of

    Revolution

2。  How the resistance of Governments may overcome

    Revolution

3。  Revolutions effected by Governments。  Examples: China;

    Turkey; &c

4。  Social elements which survive the changes of Government

    after Revolution

                                                           

CHAPTER IV。 THE PART PLAYED BY THE PEOPLE IN REVOLUTIONS

1。  The stability and malleability Of the national mind

2。  How the People regards Revolution

3。  The supposed part of the People during Revolution

4。  The popular entity and its constituent elements



BOOK II



THE FORMS OF MENTALITY PREVALENT DURING REVOLUTION



CHAPTER I。 INDIVIDUAL VARIATIONS OF CHARACTER IN TIME OF

        REVOLUTION

1。  Transformations of Personality

2。  Elements of character predominant in time of Revolution



CHAPTER II。  THE MYSTIC MENTALITY AND THE JACOBIN MENTALITY 

1。  Classification of mentalities predominant in time of

    Revolution

2。  The Mystic Mentality 

3。  The Jacobin Mentality



CHAPTER III。  THE REVOLUTIONARY AND CRIMINAL MENTALITIES

1。  The Revolutionary Mentality

2。  The Criminal Mentality



CHAPTER IV。  THE PSYCHOLOGY OF REVOLUTIONARY CROWDS

1。  General characteristics of the crowd

2。  How the stability of the racial mind limits the

    oscillations of the mind of the crowd

3。  The role of the leader in Revolutionary Movements



CHAPTER V。  THE PSYCHOLOGY OF THE REVOLUTIONARY ASSEMBLIES

1。  Psychological characteristics of the great Revolutionary

    Assemblies

2。  The Psychology of the Revolutionary Clubs

3。  A suggested explanation of the progressive exaggeration

    of sentiments in assemblies



PART II



BOOK I



THE ORIGINS OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION



CHAPTER 1。  THE OPINIONS OF HISTORIANS CONCERNING THE FRENCH

    REVOLUTION

1。  The Historians of the Revolution

2。  The theory of Fatalism in respect of the Revolution

3。  The hesitation of recent Historians of the Revolution

4。  Impartiality in History

                                                           

CHAPTER II。  THE PSYCHOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF THE ANCIEN REGIME

1。  The Absolute Monarchy and the Basis of the Ancien Regime

2。  The inconveniences of the Ancien Regime

3。  Life under the Ancien Regime

4。  Evolution of Monarchical feeling during the Revolution



CHAPTER III。  MENTAL ANARCHY AT THE TIME OF THE REVOLUTION

    AND THE INFLUENCE ATTRIBUTED TO THE PHILOSOPHERS

1。  Origin and Propagation of Revolutionary Ideas

2。  The supposed influence of the Philosophers of the

    eighteenth century upon the Genesis of the Revolution。 

    Their dislike of Democracy 

3。  The philosophical ideas of the Bourgeoisie at the time of

    the Revolution 



CHAPTER IV。  PSYCHOLOGICAL ILLUSIONS RESPECTING THE FRENCH

    REVOLUTION 

1。  Illusions respecting Primitive Man; the return to the

    State of Nature; and the Psychology of the People

2。  Illusions respecting the possibility of separating Man

    from his Past and the power of Transformation attributed

    to the Law

3。  Illusions respecting the Theoretical Value of the great

    Revolutionary Principles



BOOK II



THE RATIONAL; AFFECTIVE; MYSTIC; AND COLLECTIVE INFLUENCES ACTIVE

DURING THE REVOLUTION



CHAPTER I。  THE PSYCHOLOGY OF THE CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY

1。  Psychological influences active during the French

Revolution

2。  Dissolution of the Ancien Regime。  The assembling of

    the States General

3。  The constituent Assembly



CHAPTER II。  THE PSYCHOLOGY OF THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY

1。  Political events during the life of the Legislative

    Assembly

2。  Mental characteristics of the Legislative Assembly



CHAPTER III。  THE PSYCHOLOGY OF THE CONVENTION

1。  The Legend of the Convention

2。  Results of the triumph of the Jacobin Religion

3。  Mental characteristics of the Convention



CHAPTER IV。  THE GOVERNMENT OF THE CONVENTION

1。  The activity of the Clubs and the Commune during the

    Convention

2。  The Government of France during the Convention: the

    Terror

3。  The End of the Convention。  The Beginnings of the

    Directory

                                                            

CHAPTER V。  INSTANCES OF REVOLUTIONARY VIOLENCE

1。  Psychological Causes of Revolutionary Violence 

2。  The Revolutionary Tribunals

3。  The Terror in the Provinces



CHAPTER VI。  THE ARMIES OF THE REVOLUTION

1。  The Revolutionary Assemblies and the Armies

2。  The Struggle of Europe against the Revolution

3。  Psychological and Military Factors which determined the

    success of the Revolutionary Armies



CHAPTER VII。  PSYCHOLOGY OF THE LEADERS OF THE REVOLUTION



1。  Mentality of the men of the Revolution。  The respective

    influence of violent and feeble characters

2。  Psychology of the Commissaries or Representatives

    ‘‘on Mission''

3。  Danton and Robespierre

4。  Fouquier…Tinville; Marat; Billaud…Varenne; &c。

5。  The destiny of those Members of the Convention who

        survived the Revolution



BOOK III



THE CONFLICT BETWEEN ANCESTRAL INFLUENCES AND REVOLUTIONARY

PRINCIPLES



CHAPTER I。  THE LAST CONVULSIONS OF ANARCHY。  THE DIRECTORY

1。  Psychology of the Directory

2。  Despotic Government of the Directory。  Recrudescence of

    the Terror

3。  The Advent of Bonaparte

4。  Causes of the Duration of the Revolution



CHAPTER II。  THE RESTORATION OF ORDER。  THE CONSULAR REPUBLIC

1。  How the work of the Revolution was confirmed by the

    Consulate

2。  The re…organisation of France by the Consulate

3。  Psychological elements which determined the success of

    the work of the Consulate



CHAPTER III。  POLITICAL RESULTS OF THE CONFLICT BETWEEN

TRADITIONS AND THE REVOLUTIONARY PRINCIPLES DURING THE 

LAST CENTURY

1。  The psychological causes of the continued Revolutionary

    Movements to which France has been subject

2。  Summary of a century's Revolutionary Movements in France





PART III



THE RECENT EVOLUTION OF THE REVOLUTIONARY PRINCIPLES

                                                           

CHAPTER I。  THE PROGRESS OF DEMOCRATIC BELIEFS SINCE THE

    REVOLUTION

1。  Gradual propagation of Democratic Ideas after the

    Revolution

2。  The unequal influence of the three fundamental principles

    of the Revolution

3。  The Democracy of the ‘‘Intellectuals'' and Popular

    Democracy

4。  Natural Inequalities and Democratic Equalisation 



CHAPTER II。  THE RESULTS OF DEMOCRATIC EVOLUTION

1。  The influence upon social evolution of theories of no

    rational value

2。  The Jacobin Spirit and the Mentality created by

    Democratic Beliefs

3。  Universal Suffrage and its representatives

4。  The craving for Reforms

5。  Social distinctions in Democracies and Democratic Ideas

    in various countries



CHAPTER III。

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