manifesto of the communist party-第7章

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therefore；

which　appear　economically　insufficient　and　untenable；　but　which；

in　the　course　of　the　movement；　outstrip　themselves；　necessitate

further　inroads　upon　the　old　social　order；　and　are　unavoidable

as　a　means　of　entirely　revolutionising　the　mode　of　production。



These　measures　will　of　course　be　different　in　different

countries。



Nevertheless　in　the　most　advanced　countries；　the　following　will

be　pretty　generally　applicable。



1。　　Abolition　of　property　in　land　and　application　of　all　rents

　　　　of　land　to　public　purposes。



2。　　A　heavy　progressive　or　graduated　income　tax。



3。　　Abolition　of　all　right　of　inheritance。



4。　　Confiscation　of　the　property　of　all　emigrants　and　rebels。



5。　　Centralisation　of　credit　in　the　hands　of　the　State；　by　means

　　　　of　a　national　bank　with　State　capital　and　an　exclusive

monopoly。



6。　　Centralisation　of　the　means　of　communication　and　transport

　　　　in　the　hands　of　the　State。



7。　　Extension　of　factories　and　instruments　of　production　owned　by

the

　　　　State；　the　bringing　into　cultivation　of　waste…lands；　and　the

　　　　improvement　of　the　soil　generally　in　accordance　with　a　common

plan。



8。　　Equal　liability　of　all　to　labour。　　Establishment　of

　　　　industrial　armies；　especially　for　agriculture。



9。　　Combination　of　agriculture　with　manufacturing　industries；

gradual　abolition　of　the　distinction　between　town　and　country；　by

a　more　equable　distribution　of　the　population　over　the　country。



10。　　Free　education　for　all　children　in　public　schools。

Abolition　of　children's　factory　labour　in　its　present　form。

Combination　of　education　with　industrial　production；　&c。；　&c。



When；　in　the　course　of　development；　class　distinctions　have

disappeared；　and　all　production　has　been　concentrated　in　the

hands　of　a　vast　association　of　the　whole　nation；　the　public　power

will　lose　its　political　character。　　Political　power；　properly　so

called；　is　merely　the　organised　power　of　one　class　for　oppressing

another。　　If　the　proletariat　during　its　contest　with　the

bourgeoisie　is　compelled；　by　the　force　of　circumstances；　to

organise　itself　as　a　class；　if；　by　means　of　a　revolution；　it

makes　itself　the　ruling　class；　and；　as　such；　sweeps　away　by　force

the　old　conditions　of　production；　then　it　will；　along　with　these

conditions；　have　swept　away　the　conditions　for　the　existence　of

class　antagonisms　and　of　classes　generally；　and　will　thereby　have

abolished　its　own　supremacy　as　a　class。



In　place　of　the　old　bourgeois　society；　with　its　classes　and

class　antagonisms；　we　shall　have　an　association；　in　which　the

free　development　of　each　is　the　condition　for　the　free

development　of　all。









III　SOCIALIST　AND　COMMUNIST　LITERATURE





1。　REACTIONARY　SOCIALISM





A。　Feudal　Socialism





Owing　to　their　historical　position；　it　became　the　vocation　of

the　aristocracies　of　France　and　England　to　write　pamphlets

against　modern　bourgeois　society。　　In　the　French　revolution　of

July　1830；　and　in　the　English　reform　agitation；　these

aristocracies　again　succumbed　to　the　hateful　upstart。

Thenceforth；　a　serious　political　contest　was　altogether　out　of

the　question。　　A　literary　battle　alone　remained　possible。　　But

even　in　the　domain　of　literature　the　old　cries　of　the　restoration

period　had　become　impossible。



In　order　to　arouse　sympathy；　the　aristocracy　were　obliged　to

lose　sight；　apparently；　of　their　own　interests；　and　to　formulate

their　indictment　against　the　bourgeoisie　in　the　interest　of　the

exploited　working　class　alone。　　Thus　the　aristocracy　took　their

revenge　by　singing　lampoons　on　their　new　master；　and　whispering

in　his　ears　sinister　prophecies　of　coming　catastrophe。



In　this　way　arose　Feudal　Socialism：　half　lamentation；　half

lampoon；

half　echo　of　the　past；　half　menace　of　the　future；　at　times；　by

its　bitter；

witty　and　incisive　criticism；　striking　the　bourgeoisie　to　the

very　heart's

core；　but　always　ludicrous　in　its　effect；　through　total

incapacity　to

comprehend　the　march　of　modern　history。



The　aristocracy；　in　order　to　rally　the　people　to　them；　waved　the

proletarian　alms…bag　in　front　for　a　banner。　　But　the　people；　so

often　as　it　joined　them；　saw　on　their　hindquarters　the　old　feudal

coats　of　arms；　and　deserted　with　loud　and　irreverent　laughter。



One　section　of　the　French　Legitimists　and　〃Young　England〃

exhibited　this　spectacle。



In　pointing　out　that　their　mode　of　exploitation　was　different　to

that　of　the　bourgeoisie；　the　feudalists　forget　that　they

exploited　under　circumstances　and　conditions　that　were　quite

different；　and　that　are　now　antiquated。　　In　showing　that；　under

their　rule；　the　modern　proletariat　never　existed；　they　forget

that　the　modern　bourgeoisie　is　the　necessary　offspring　of　their

own　form　of　society。



For　the　rest；　so　little　do　they　conceal　the　reactionary

character　of　their　criticism　that　their　chief　accusation　against

the　bourgeoisie　amounts　to　this；　that　under　the　bourgeois　regime

a　class　is　being　developed；　which　is　destined　to　cut　up　root　and

branch　the　old　order　of　society。



What　they　upbraid　the　bourgeoisie　with　is　not　so　much　that　it

creates

a　proletariat；　as　that　it　creates　a　revolutionary　proletariat。



In　political　practice；　therefore；　they　join　in　all　coercive

measures　against　the　working　class；　and　in　ordinary　life；　despite

their　high　falutin　phrases；　they　stoop　to　pick　up　the　golden

apples　dropped　from　the　tree　of　industry；　and　to　barter　truth；

love；

and　honour　for　traffic　in　wool；　beetroot…sugar；　and　potato

spirits。



As　the　parson　has　ever　gone　band　in　hand　with　the　landlord；

so　has　Clerical　Socialism　with　Feudal　Socialism。



Nothing　is　easier　than　to　give　Christian　asceticism　a　Socialist

tinge。

Has　not　Christianity　declaimed　against　private　property；　against

marriage；

against　the　State？　　Has　it　not　preached　in　the　place　of　these；

charity　and

poverty；　celibacy　and　mortification　of　the　flesh；　monastic　life

and

Mother　Church？　　Christian　Socialism　is　but　the　holy；　water　with

which

the　priest　consecrates　the　heart…burnings　of　the　aristocrat。





B。　Petty…Bourgeois　Socialism



The　feudal　aristocracy　was　not　the　only　class　that　has　ruined　by

the　bourgeoisie；　not　the　only　class　whose　conditions　of　existence

pined　and　perished　in　the　atmosphere　of　modern　bourgeois　society。

The　mediaeval　burgesses　and　the　small　peasant　proprietors　were

the　precursors　of　the　modern　bourgeoisie。　　In　those　countries

which

are　but　little　developed；　industrially　and　commercially；　these

two

classes　still　vegetate　side　by　side　with　the　rising　bourgeoisie。



In　countries　where　modern　civilisation　has　become　fully

developed；　a　new　class　of　petty　bourgeois　has　been　formed；

fluctuating　between　proletariat　and　bourgeoisie　and　ever　renewing

itself　as　a　supplementary　part　of　bourgeois　society。　　The

individual　members　of　this　class；　however；　are　being　constantly

hurled　down　into　the　proletariat　by　the　action　of　competition；

and；　as　modern　industry　develops；　they　even　see　the　moment

approaching　when　they　will　completely　disappear　as　an　independent

section　of　modern　society；　to　be　replaced；　in　manufactures；

agriculture　and　commerce；　by　overlookers；　bailiffs　and　shopmen。



In　countries　like　France；　where　the　peasants　constitute　far　more

than　half　of　the　population；　it　was　natural　that　writers　who

sided　with　the　proletariat　against　the　bourgeoisie；　should　use；

in　their　criticism　of　the　bourgeois　regime；　the　standard　of　the

peasant　and　petty　bourgeois；　and　from　the　standpoint　of　these

intermediate　classes　should　take　up　the　cudgels　for　the　working

class。　　Thus　arose　petty…bourgeois　Socialism。　　Sismondi　was　the

head　of　this　school；　not　only　in　France　but　also　in　England。



This　school　of　Socialism　dissected　with　great　acuteness　the

contradictions　in　the　conditions　of　modern　production。　　It　laid

bare　the　hypocritical　apologies　of　economists。　　It　proved；

incon