sophist-第2章
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is exchange； which is voluntary and is effected by gifts； hire；
purchase； and the other part of acquisitive； which takes by force of
word or deed； may be termed conquest？
Theaet。 That is implied in what has been said。
Str。 And may not conquest be again subdivided？
Theaet。 How？
Str。 Open force may； be called fighting； and secret force may have
the general name of hunting？
Theaet。 Yes。
Str。 And there is no reason why the art of hunting should not be
further divided。
Theaet。 How would you make the division？
Str。 Into the hunting of living and of lifeless prey。
Theaet。 Yes； if both kinds exist。
Str。 Of course they exist； but the hunting after lifeless things
having no special name； except some sorts of diving； and other small
matters； may be omitted； the hunting after living things may
be called
animal hunting。
Theaet。 Yes。
Str。 And animal hunting may be truly said to have two divisions；
land…animal hunting； which has many kinds and names； and
water…animals
hunting； or the hunting after animals who swim？
Theaet。 True。
Str。 And of swimming animals； one class lives on the wing and the
other in the water？
Theaet。 Certainly。
Str。 Fowling is the general term under which the hunting of all
birds is included。
Theaet。 True。
Str。 The hunting of animals who live in the water has the general
name of fishing。
Theaet。 Yes。
Str。 And this sort of hunting may be further divided also into two
principal kinds？
Theaet。 What are they？
Str。 There is one kind which takes them in nets； another
which takes
them by a blow。
Theaet。 What do you mean； and how do you distinguish them？
Str。 As to the first kind…all that surrounds and encloses anything
to prevent egress； may be rightly called an enclosure。
Theaet。 Very true。
Str。 For which reason twig baskets； casting nets； nooses； creels；
and the like may all be termed 〃enclosures〃？
Theaet。 True。
Str。 And therefore this first kind of capture may be called by us
capture with enclosures； or something of that sort？
Theaet。 Yes。
Str。 The other kind； which is practised by a blow with hooks and
three pronged spears； when summed up under one name； may be called
striking； unless you； Theaetetus； can find some better name？
Theaet。 Never mind the name…what you suggest will do very well。
Str。 There is one mode of striking； which is done at night； and by
the light of a fire； and is by the hunters themselves called firing；
or spearing by firelight。
Theaet。 True。
Str。 And the fishing by day is called by the general name
of barbing
because the spears； too； are barbed at the point。
Theaet。 Yes； that is the term。
Str。 Of this barb…fishing； that which strikes the fish Who is
below from above is called spearing； because this is the way in
which the three…pronged spears are mostly used。
Theaet。 Yes； it is often called so。
Str。 Then now there is only one kind remaining。
Theaet。 What is that？
Str。 When a hook is used； and the fish is not struck in any chance
part of his body…he as be is with the spear； but only about the head
and mouth； and is then drawn out from below upwards with reeds and
rods：…What is the right name of that mode of fish； Theaetetus？
Theaet。 I suspect that we have now discovered the object of our
search。
Str。 Then now you and I have come to an understanding not
only about
the name of the angler's art； but about the definition of the thing
itself。 One half of all art was acquisitive…half of all the art
acquisitive art was conquest or taking by force； half of this was
hunting； and half of hunting was hunting animals； half of this was
hunting water animals…of this again； the under half was fishing；
half of fishing was striking； a part of striking was fishing with a
barb； and one half of this again； being the kind which strikes with
a hook and draws the fish from below upwards； is the art
which we have
been seeking； and which from the nature of the operation is denoted
angling or drawing up （aspalienutike； anaspasthai）。
Theaet。 The result has been quite satisfactorily brought out。
Str。 And now； following this pattern； let us endeavour to find out
what a Sophist is。
Theaet。 By all means。
Str。 The first question about the angler was； whether he was a
skilled artist or unskilled？
Theaet。 True。
Str。 And shall we call our new friend unskilled； or a thorough
master of his craft？
Theaet。 Certainly not unskilled； for his name； as； indeed； you
imply； must surely express his nature。
Str。 Then he must be supposed to have some art。
Theaet。 What art？
Str。 By heaven； they are cousins！ it never occurred to us。
Theaet。 Who are cousins？
Str。 The angler and the Sophist。
Theaet。 In what way are they related？
Str。 They both appear to me to be hunters。
Theaet。 How the Sophist？ Of the other we have spoken。
Str。 You remember our division of hunting； into hunting after
swimming animals and land animals？
Theaet。 Yes。
Str。 And you remember that we subdivided the swimming and left the
land animals； saying that there were many kinds of them？
Theaet。 Certainly。
Str。 Thus far； then； the Sophist and the angler； starting from the
art of acquiring； take the same road？
Theaet。 So it would appear。
Str。 Their paths diverge when they reach the art of animal
hunting； the one going to the seashore； and to the rivers and to the
lakes； and angling for the animals which are in them。
Theaet。 Very true。
Str。 While the other goes to land and water of another sort…rivers
of wealth and broad meadow…lands of generous youth； and he also is
intending to take the animals which are in them。
Theaet。 What do you mean？
Str。 Of hunting on land there are two principal divisions。
Theaet。 What are they？
Str。 One is the hunting of tame； and the other of wild animals。
Theaet。 But are tame animals ever hunted？
Str。 Yes； if you include man under tame animals。 But if
you like you
may say that there are no tame animals； or that； if there are； man
is not among them； or you may say that man is a tame animal
but is not
hunted…you shall decide which of these alternatives you prefer。
Theaet。 I should say； Stranger； that man is a tame animal； and I
admit that he is hunted。
Str。 Then let us divide the hunting of tame animals into two parts。
Theaet。 How shall we make the division？
Str。 Let us define piracy； man…stealing； tyranny； the
whole military
art； by one name； as hunting with violence。
Theaet。 Very good。
Str。 But the art of the lawyer； of the popular orator； and the art
of conversation may be called in one word the art of persuasion。
Theaet。 True。
Str。 And of persuasion； there may be said to be two kinds？
Theaet。 What are they？
Str。 One is private； and the other public。
Theaet。 Yes； each of them forms a class。
Str。 And of private hunting； one sort receives hire； and the other
brings gifts。
Theaet。 I do not understand you。
Str。 You seem never to have observed the manner in which lovers
hunt。
Theaet。 To what do you refer？
Str。 I mean that they lavish gifts on those whom they hunt in
addition to other inducements。
Theaet。 Most true。
Str。 Let us admit this； then； to be the amatory art。
Theaet。 Certainly。
Str。 But that sort of hireling whose conversation is pleasing and
who baits his hook only with pleasure and exacts nothing but his
maintenance in return； we should all； if I am not mistaken； describe
as possessing flattery or an art of making things pleasant。
Theaet。 Certainly。
Str。 And that sort； which professes to form acquaintances only for
the sake of virtue； and demands a reward in the shape of
money； may be
fairly called by another name？
Theaet。 To be sure。
Str。 And what is the name？ Will you tell me？
Theaet。 It is obvious enough； for I believe that we have
discovered the Sophist： which is； as I conceive； the proper name for
the class described。
Str。 Then now； Theaetetus； his art may be traced as a branch of
the appropriative； acquisitive famil
