the origin and nature of emotions-第33章

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（2）　_The　Adrenals_。In　such　destructive　lesions　of　the　adrenals　as　Addison's　disease　one　of　the　cardinal　symptoms　is　a　subnormal　temperature　and　impaired　muscular　power。　　Animals　upon　whom　double　adrenalectomy　has　been　performed　show　a　striking　fall　in　temperature；　muscular　weakness；after　adrenalectomy　the　animal　may　not　be　able　to　stand　even；and　progressive　chromatolysis。

（3）　_The　Liver_。When　the　function　of　the　liver　is　impaired　by　tumors；　cirrhosis；　or　degeneration　of　the　liver　itself；　then　the　entire　energy　of　the　body　is　correspondingly　diminished。　This　diminution　of　energy　is　evidenced　by　muscular　and　mental　weakness；　by　diminished　response　and　by　gradual　loss　of　efficiency　which　finally　reaches　the　state　of　asthenia。

（4）　_The　Muscles_。It　has　been　observed　clinically　that　if　the　muscles　are　impaired　by　long　disuse；　or　by　a　disease　such　as　myasthenia　gravis；　then　the　range　of　production　of　both　heat　and　motion　is　below　normal。　This　is　in　agreement　with　the　experimental　findings　that　anesthetics；　curare；　or　any　break　in　the　muscle…brain　connection　causes　diminished　muscular　and　heat　production。

（5）　_The　Thyroid_。In　myxedema　one　of　the　cardinal　symptoms　is　a　persistently　subnormal　temperature　and；　though　prone　to　infection；　subjects　of　myxedema　show　but　feeble　febrile　response　and　readily　succumb。　　This　clinical　observation　is　strikingly　confirmed　by　laboratory　observations；　normal　rabbits　subjected　to　fear　showed　a　rise　in　temperature　of　from　one　to　three　degrees；　while　two　rabbits　whose　thyroids　had　been　previously　removed　and　who　had　then　been　subjected　to　fright　showed　much　less　febrile　response。　Myxedema　subjects　show　a　loss　of　physical　and　mental　energy　which　is　proportional　to　the　lack　of　thyroid。　　Deficiency　in　any　of　the　organs　of　the　kinetic　chain　causes　alike　loss　of　heat；　loss　of　muscular　and　emotional　action；　of　mental　power；　and　of　the　power　of　combating　infectionsthe　negative　evidence　thus　strongly　supports　the　positive。　　By　accumulating　all　the　evidence　we　believe　we　are　justified　in　associating　the　brain；　the　adrenals；　the　thyroid；　the　muscles；　and　the　liver　as　vital　links　in　the　kinetic　chain。　Other　organs　play　a　role　undoubtedly；　though　a　minor　one。


Studies　in　Hydrogen　Ion　Concentration　in　Activation　of　the　Kinetic　System

Having　established　the　identity　of　some；　at　least；　of　the　organs　which　constitute　the　kinetic　chain；　we　endeavored　to　secure　still　further　evidence　regarding　the　energy…transforming　function　of　these　organs　by　making　studies　of　the　H…ion　concentration　of　the　blood；　as　one　would　expect；　_prima　facie_；　that　the　normal　reaction　would　be　altered　by　kinetic　activation。＇*＇


＇*＇　The　H…ion　observations　were　made　in　my　laboratory　by　Dr。　M。　L。　Menten。


H…ion　concentration　tests　were　made　after　the　application　of　the　adequate　stimuli　by　which　the　function　of　the　kinetic　organs　had　been　determined；　and　we　studied　also　the　effect　upon　the　acidity　of　the　blood　of　strychnin　convulsions　after　destruction　of　the　medulla；　of　deep　narcotization　with　morphin　before　anesthesia；　of　deep　narcotization　with　morphin　after　the　H…ion　concentration　had　already　been　increased　by　fear；　by　anger；　by　exertion；　by　injury　under　anesthesia；　or　by　anesthesia　alone。

The　complete　data　of　these　experiments　will　be　later　reported　in　a　monograph；　here　it　is　sufficient　to　state　that　anger；　fear；　injury；　muscular　exertion；　inhalation　anesthesia；　strychnin；　alcohol；　in　fact；　all　the　stimuli　which　we　had　already　found　to　produce　histologic　changes　in　the　brain；　the　adrenals；　and　the　liver…excepting　bacterial　toxinscaused　increased　H…ion　concentration。　Of　striking　significance　is　the　fact　that　morphin　alone　caused　no　change　in　the　H…ion　concentration；　while　if　administered　before　the　application　of　a　stimulus　which　by　itself　produced　increased　H…ion　concentration；　the　action　of　that　stimulus　was　neutralized　or　postponed。　　If；　however；　morphin　was　administered　after　increased　acidity　had　been　produced　by　any　stimulus；　or　by　inhalation　anesthesia；　then　the　time　required　for　the　restoration　of　the　normal　alkalinity　was　much　prolonged；　and　in　some　instances　the　power　of　acid　neutralization　was　permanently　lost。

After　excision　of　the　liver；　the　normal　H…ion　concentration　was　maintained　for　periods　varying　from　one　to　several　hours；　after　which　the　concentration　（acidity）　began　to　increase　as　the　vitality　of　the　animal　began　to　decline；　the　concentration　（acidity）　increasing　rapidly　until　death。　　After　excision　of　the　adrenals　the　blood　remained　normal　for　from　four　to　six　hours；　when　the　H…ion　concentration　increased　rather　suddenly；　the　increase　being　synchronous　with　the　incidence　of　the　phenomena　which　immediately　preceded　death。

In　none　of　these　cases　was　it　determined　whether　the　increased　H…ion　concentration　was　due　to　other　causes　of　death　or　whether　death　was　due　to　the　increased　acidity。

It　is　also　significant　that　after　the　application　of　each　of　the　adequate　stimuli　which　increased　the　H…ion　concentration　of　the　blood　in　other　parts　of　the　body　the　blood　from　the　adrenal　vein　showed　a　slight　diminution　in　acidity；　as；　in　most　instances；　did　the　blood　from　the　hepatic　vein　also。

In　fact；　the　H…ion　concentration　of　the　blood　in　the　adrenal　vein　was　less　than　in　the　blood　of　any　other　part　of　the　circulation。


Kinetic　Diseases

If　our　conclusions　are　sound；　then　in　the　kinetic　system　we　find　an　explanation　of　many　diseases；　and　having　found　the　explanation；　we　may　find　new　methods　of　combating　them。

When　the　kinetic　system　is　driven　at　an　overwhelming　rate　of　speed；　as　by　severe　physical　injury；　by　intense　emotional　excitation；　by　perforation　of　the　intestines；　by　the　pointing　of　an　abscess　into　new　territory；　by　the　sudden　onset　of　an　infectious　disease；　by　an　overdose　of　strychnin；　by　a　Marathon　race；　by　a　grilling　fight；　by　foreign　proteins；　by　anaphylaxis；the　result　of　these　acute　overwhelming　activations　of　the　kinetic　system　is　clinically　designated　shock；　and　according　to　the　cause　is　called　traumatic　shock；　toxic　shock；　anaphylactic　shock；　drug　shock；　etc。

The　essential　pathology　of　shock　is　identical　whatever　the　cause。　If；　however；　instead　of　an　intense　overwhelming　activation；　the　kinetic　system　is　continuously　or　intermittently　overstimulated　through　a　considerable　period　of　time；　as　long　as　each　of　the　links　in　the　kinetic　chain　takes　the　strain　equally　the　result　will　be　excessive　energy　conversion；　excessive　work　done；　but　usually；　under　stress；　some　one　link　in　the　chain　is　unable　to　take　the　strain　and　then　the　evenly　balanced　work　of　the　several　organs　of　the　kinetic　system　is　disturbed。　　If　the　brain　cannot　endure　the　strain；　then　neurasthenia；　nerve　exhaustion；　or　even　insanity　follows。　If　the　thyroid　cannot　endure　the　strain；　it　undergoes　hyperplasia；　which　in　turn　may　result　in　a　colloid　goiter　or　in　exophthalmic　goiter。　If　the　adrenals　cannot　endure　the　strain；　cardiovascular　disease　may　develop。　　If　the　liver　cannot　take　the　strain；　then　death　from　acute　acidosis　may　follow；　or　if　the　neutralizing　effect　of　the　liver　is　only　partially　lost；　then　the　acidity　may　cause　Bright's　disease。　Overactivation　of　the　kinetic　system　may　cause　glycosuria　and　diabetes。

Identical　physical　and　functional　changes　in　the　organs　of　the　kinetic　system　may　result　from　intense　continued　stimulation　from　any　of　the　following　causes：　　Excessive　physical　labor；　athletic　exercise；　worry　or　anxiety；　intestinal　autointoxication；　chronic　infections；　such　as　oral　sepsis；　tonsillitis；　and　adenoids；　chronic　appendicitis；　chronic　cholecystitis；　colitis；　and　skin　infections；　the　excessive　intake　of　protein　food　（foreign　protein　reaction）；　emotional　strain；　pregnancy；　stress　of　business　or　professional　life　all　of　which　are　known　to　be　activators　of　the　kinetic　system。

From　the　foregoing　statements　we　are　able　to　understand　the　muscular　weakness　following　fever；　we　can　understand　why　the　senile　have　neither　muscular　power　nor　strong　febrile　reaction；　why　long…continued　infections　produce　pathologic　changes　in　the　organs　constituting　the　kinetic　chain；　why　the　same　pathologic　changes　result　from　various　forms　of　activation　of　the　kinetic　system。　In　this　hypothesis　we　find　a　reason　why　cardio