the origin and nature of emotions-第1章

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The　Origin　and　Nature　of　Emotions

by　George　W。　Crile


Miscellaneous　Papers

BY

GEORGE　W。　CRILE；　M。D。

PROFESSOR　OF　SURGERY；　SCHOOL　OF　MEDICINE；　WESTERN　RESERVE　UNIVERSITY　VISITING　SURGEON　TO　THE　LAKESIDE　HOSPITAL；　CLEVELAND

EDITED　BY　AMY　F。　ROWLAND；　B。　S。




PREFACE


IN　response　to　numerous　requests　I　have　brought　together　into　this　volume　eight　papers　which　may　serve　as　a　supplement　to　the　volumes　previously　published＇*＇　and　as　a　preface　to　monographs　now　in　preparation。


＇*＇　Surgical　Shock；　1899；　Surgery　of　the　Respiratory　System；　1899；　Problems　Relating　to　Surgical　Operations；　1901；　Blood　Pressure　in　Surgery；　1903；　Hemorrhage　and　Transfusion；　1909；　Anemia　and　Resuscitation；　1914；　and　Anoci…association；　1914　（with　Dr。　W。　E。　Lower）。


In　the　first　of　these　addresses；　the　Ether　Day　Address；　delivered　at　the　Massachusetts　General　Hospital　in　October；　1910；　I　first　enunciated　the　Kinetic　Theory　of　Shock；　the　key　to　which　was　found　in　laboratory　researches　and　in　a　study　of　Darwin's　〃Expression　of　the　Emotions　in　Man　and　in　Animals；〃　whereby　the　phylogenetic　origin　of　the　emotions　was　made　manifest　and　the　pathologic　identity　of　surgical　and　emotional　shock　was　established。　Since　1910　my　associates　and　I　have　continued　our　researches　through　（a）　Histologic　studies　of　all　the　organs　and　tissues　of　the　body；　（b）　Estimation　of　the　H…ion　concentration　of　the　blood　in　the　emotions　of　anger　and　fear　and　after　the　application　of　many　other　forms　of　stimuli；　（c）　Functional　tests　of　the　adrenals；　and　（d）　Clinical　observations。

It　would　seem　that　if　the　striking　changes　produced　by　fear　and　anger　and　by　physical　trauma　in　the　master　organ　of　the　body　the　brainwere　due　to　WORK；　then　we　should　expect　to　find　corresponding　histologic　changes　in　other　organs　of　the　body　as　well。　We　therefore　examined　every　organ　and　tissue　of　the　bodies　of　animals　which　had　been　subjected　to　intense　fear　and　anger　and　to　infection　and　to　the　action　of　foreign　proteins；　some　animals　being　killed　immediately；　some　several　hours　after　the　immediate　effects　of　the　stimuli　had　passed；　some　after　seances　of　strong　emotion　had　been　repeated　several　times　during　a　week　or　longer。

The　examination　of　all　the　tissues　and　organs　of　these　animals　showed　changes　in　three　organs　only；　and　with　few　exceptions　in　all　three　of　these　organsthe　brain；　the　adrenals；　and　the　liver。　The　extent　of　these　changes　is　well　shown　by　the　photomicrographs　which　illustrate　the　paper　on　〃The　Kinetic　System〃　which　is　included　in　this　volume。　　This　paper　describes　many　experiments　which　show　that　the　brain；　the　adrenal；　and　the　liver　play　together　constantly　and　that　no　one　of　these　organsas　far　at　least　as　is　indicated　by　the　histologic　studiescan　act　without　the　co…operation　of　the　other　two。

Another　striking　fact　which　has　been　experimentally　established　is　that　the　deterioration　of　these　three　organs　caused　by　emotion；　by　exertion；　and　by　other　causes　is　largely　counteracted；　if　not　exclusively；　during　sleep。　　If　animals　exhausted　by　the　continued　application　of　a　stimulus　are　allowed　complete　rest　for　a　certain　number　of　hours；　_*without　sleep_；　the　characteristic　histologic　appearance　of　exhaustion　in　the　brain；　adrenals；　and　liver　is　not　altered　notably；　whereas　in　animals　allowed　to　sleep　for　the　same　number　of　hours　the　histologic　changes　in　these　organs　are　lessened　in　some　cases　obliterated　even。

This　significant　phenomenon　and　its　relation　will　be　dealt　with　in　a　later　monograph。

Many　of　the　arguments　and　illustrations　by　which　the　primary　premises　were　established　are　repeateda　few　in　allmany　in　more　than　one　of　these　addresses。　　It　will　be　observed；　however；　that　the　APPLICATION　of　these　premises　varies；　and　that　their　SIGNIFICANCE　broadens　progressively。

In　the　Ether　Day　Address　the　phylogenetic　key　supplied　by　Darwin　was　utilized　to　formulate　the　principle　that　the　organism　reacts　as　a　unit　to　the　stimuli　of　physical　injury；　of　emotion；　of　infection；　etc。　To　the　study　of　these　reactions　（transformations　of　energy）　the　epoch…making　work　of　Sherrington；　〃The　Integrative　Action　of　the　Nervous　System；〃　gave　an　added　key　by　which　the　dominating　role　of　the　brain　was　determined。　　Later　the　original　work　of　Cannon　on　the　adrenal　glands　gave　facts；　and　an　experimental　method　by　which　Darwin's　phylogenetic　theory　of　the　emotions　was　further　elaborated　in　other　papers；　especially　in　the　one　entitled　〃Phylogenetic　Association　in　Relation　to　the　Emotions；〃　read　before　The　American　Philosophical　Society　in　April；　1911。　GEORGE　W。　CRILE。　　CLEVELAND；　OHIO；　_February；　1915_。



CONTENTS　PAGE　PHYLOGENETIC　ASSOCIATION　IN　RELATION　TO　CERTAIN　MEDICAL　PROBLEMS。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。1

PHYLOGENETIC　ASSOCIATION　IN　RELATION　TO　THE　EMOTIONS　。　。　。　。　55　PAIN；　LAUGHTER；　AND　CRYING。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　77

THE　RELATION　BETWEEN　THE　PHYSICAL　STATE　OF　THE　BRAIN…CELLS　AND　BRAIN　FUNCTIONS…EXPERIMENTAL　AND　CLINICAL　。　。　。　。111

A　MECHANISTIC　VIEW　OF　PSYCHOLOGY　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。127

A　MECHANISTIC　THEORY　OF　DISEASE。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。157

THE　KINETIC　SYSTEM　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。173

ALKALESCENCE；　ACIDITY；　ANESTHESIAA　THEORY　OF　ANESTHESIA。　　。227

INDEX。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。237　THE　ORIGIN　AND　NATURE　OF　THE　EMOTIONS

PHYLOGENETIC　ASSOCIATION　IN　RELATION　TO　CERTAIN　MEDICAL　PROBLEMS＇*＇


＇*＇　Address　delivered　at　the　Massachusetts　General　Hospital　on　the　sixty…fourth　anniversary　of　Ether　Day；　Oct。　15；　1910。


The　discovery　of　the　anesthetic　properties　of　ether　and　its　practical　application　to　surgery　must　always　stand　as　one　of　the　great　achievements　of　medicine。　　It　is　eminently　fitting　that　the　anniversary　of　that　notable　day；　when　the　possibilities　of　ether　were　first　made　known　to　the　world；　should　be　celebrated　within　these　walls；　and　whatever　the　topic　of　your　Ether　Day　orator；　he　must　fittingly　pause　first　to　pay　tribute　to　that　great　event　and　to　the　master　surgeons　of　the　Massachusetts　General　Hospital。　　On　this　occasion；　on　behalf　of　the　dumb　animals　as　well　as　on　behalf　of　suffering　humanity；　I　express　a　deep　sense　of　gratitude　for　the　blessings　of　anesthesia。

Two　years　ago；　an　historic　appreciation　of　the　discovery　of　ether　was　presented　here　by　Professor　Welch；　and　last　year　an　address　on　medical　research　was　given　by　President　Eliot。　　I；　therefore；　will　not　attempt　a　general　address；　but　will　invite　your　attention　to　an　experimental　and　clinical　study。　　In　presenting　the　summaries　of　the　large　amount　of　data　in　these　researches；　I　acknowledge　with　gratitude　the　great　assistance　rendered　by　my　associates；　Dr。　D。　H。　Dolley；　Dr。　H。　G。　Sloan；　Dr。　J。　B。　Austin；　and　Dr。　M。　L。　Menten。＇*＇


＇*＇　From　the　H。　K。　Cushing　Laboratory　of　Experimental　Medicine；　Western　Reserve　University；　Cleveland。


The　scope　of　this　paper　may　be　explained　by　a　concrete　example。　When　a　barefoot　boy　steps　on　a　sharp　stone　there　is　an　immediate　discharge　of　nervous　energy　in　his　effort　to　escape　from　the　wounding　stone。　This　is　not　a　voluntary　act。　　It　is　not　due　to　his　own　personal　experience　his　ontogenybut　is　due　to　the　experience　of　his　progenitors　during　the　vast　periods　of　time　required　for　the　evolution　of　the　species　to　which　he　belongs；　_i。　　e_。；　his　phylogeny。　The　wounding　stone　made　an　impression　upon　the　nerve　receptors　in　the　foot　similar　to　the　innumerable　injuries　which　gave　origin　to　this　nerve　mechanism　itself　during　the　boy's　vast　phylogenetic　or　ancestral　experience。　　The　stone　supplied　the　phylogenetic　association；　and　the　appropriate　discharge　of　nervous　energy　automatically　followed。　If　the　sole　of　the　foot　be　repeatedly　bruised　or　crushed　by　a　stone；　shock　may　be　produced；　if　the　stone　be　only　lightly　applied；　then　the　consequent　sensation　of　tickling　causes　a　discharge　of　nervous　energy。　　In　like　manner　there　have　been　implanted　in　the　body　other　mechanisms　of　ancestral　or　phylogenetic　origin　whose　purpose　is　the　discharge　of　nervous　energy　for　the　good　of　the　individual。　In　this　paper　I　shall　discuss　the　origin　and　mode　of　action　of　some　of　these　mechanisms　and　their　relation　to　certain　phases　of　anesthesia。

The　word　anest