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第17章

theologico-political treatise p2(神学与政治专题研究2)-第17章


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of Moses: it is now time for us to turn to the other sacred writings。 



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     (73)   The   book   of   Joshua   may   be   proved   not   to   be   an   autograph   by 

reasons similar to those we have just employed: for it must be some other 

than   Joshua   who   testifies   that   the   fame   of   Joshua   was   spread   over   the 

whole   world;   that   he   omitted   nothing   of   what   Moses   had   taught   (Josh。 

vi:27; viii。 last verse; xi:15); that he grew old and summoned an assembly 

of    the   whole     people;     and    finally    that   he   departed     this   life。   (74) 

Furthermore; events are related which took place after Joshua's death。 (75) 

For instance; that the Israelites worshipped God; after his death; so long as 

there were any old men alive who remembered him; and in chap。 xvi:10; 

we   read   that   〃Ephraim   and   Manasseh   did   not   drive   out   the   Canaanites 

which dwelt in Gezer; but the Canaanite dwelt in the land of Ephraim unto 

this day; and was tributary to him。〃 (76) This is the same statement as that 

in Judges;  chap。  i。;   and  the phrase   〃unto this  day〃   shows   that the   writer 

was speaking of ancient times。 (77) With these texts we may compare the 

last verse of chap。 xv。; concerning the sons of Judah; and also the history 

of   Caleb   in   the   same   chap。   v:14。   (78)   Further;   the   building   of   an   altar 

beyond Jordan by the two tribes and a half; chap。 xxii:10; sqq。; seems to 

have taken place after the death of Joshua; for in the whole narrative his 

name is never mentioned; but the people alone held council as to waging 

war; sent out legates; waited for their return; and finally approved of their 

answer。 

     (79) Lastly; from chap。 x:14; it is clear that the book was written many 

generations after the death of Joshua; for it bears witness ;there was never 

any; day like unto; that day; either before or after; that the Lord hearkened 

to the voice of a man;〃 &c。 (80) If; therefore; Joshua wrote any book at all; 

it was that which is quoted in the work now before us; chap。 x:13。 

     (81) With regard to the book of Judges; I suppose no rational person 

persuades   himself   that   it   was   written   by   the   actual   Judges。   (82)   For   the 

conclusion of the whole history contained in chap。 ii。 clearly shows that it 

is all the work … of a single historian。 (83) Further; inasmuch as the writer 

frequently tells us that there was then no king in Israel; it is evident that 

the book was written after the establishment of the monarchy。 

     (84) The  books   of   Samuel   need   not   detain   us   long;   inasmuch   as   the 

narrative in them is continued long after Samuel's death; but I should like 



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to   draw   attention   to   the   fact   that   it   was   written   many   generations   after 

Samuel's death。 (85) For in book i。 chap。 ix:9; the historian remarks in a; 

parenthesis; 〃Beforetime;  in   Israel;  when   a man   went   to   inquire of   God; 

thus he spake: Come; and let us go to the seer; for he that is now called a 

prophet was beforetime called a seer。〃 

     (86) Lastly; the books of Kings; as we gather from internal evidence; 

were compiled from the books of King Solomon (I Kings xi:41); from the 

chronicles of the kings of Judah (1 Kings xiv:19; 29); and the chronicles of 

the kings of Israel。 

     (87)     We    may;    therefore;     conclude     that   all   the   books     we    have 

considered       hitherto    are  compilations;      and    that  the   events    therein    are 

recorded      as  having     happened      in  old   time。   (88)   Now;     if  we   turn   our 

attention   to   the   connection   and   argument   of   all   these   books;   we   shall 

easily see that they were all written by a single historian; who wished to 

relate   the   antiquities   of   the   Jews   from   their   first   beginning   down   to   the 

first destruction of the city。 (89) The way in which the several books are 

connected one with the other is alone enough to show us that they form the 

narrative of one and the same writer。 (90) For as soon as he has related the 

life of Moses; the historian thus passes on to the story of Joshua: 〃And it 

came to pass after that Moses the servant of the Lord was dead; that God 

spake unto Joshua;〃 &c。; so in the same way; after the death of Joshua was 

concluded; he passes with identically the same transition and connection 

to the history of   the Judges:   〃And it came   to pass   after that   Joshua   was 

dead; that the children of Israel sought from God;〃 &c。 (91) To the book of 

Judges he adds the story of Ruth; as a sort of appendix; in these words: 

〃Now it came to pass in the days that the judges ruled; that there was a 

famine in the land。〃 

     (92) The first book of Samuel is introduced with a similar phrase; and 

so is the second book of Samuel。 (93) Then; before the history of David is 

concluded; the historian passes in the same way to the first book of Kings; 

and; after David's death; to the Second book of Kings。 

     (94) The   putting   together;   and   the   order   of   the   narratives;   show   that 

they   are   all   the   work   of   one   man;   writing   with   a   create   aim;   for   the 

historian   begins   with   relating   the   first   origin   of   the   Hebrew   nation;   and 



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then sets   forth in   order the times   and the  occasions   in which Moses   put 

forth his laws; and made his predictions。 (95) He then proceeds to relate 

how the   Israelites   invaded the   promised land in   accordance   with   Moses' 

prophecy (Deut。 vii。); and how; when the land was subdued; they turned 

their backs on their laws;  and thereby incurred many  misfortunes   (Deut。 

xxxi:16;   17)。   (96)   He   tells   how   they   wished   to   elect   rulers;   and   how; 

according       as  these    rulers   observed     the   law;   the   people    flourished     or 

suffered (Deut。 xxviii:36); finally; how destruction came upon the nation; 

even as Moses had foretold。 (97) In regard to other matters; which do not 

serve to confirm the law; the writer either passes over them in silence; or 

refers the reader to other books for information。 (98) All that is set down 

in the books we have conduces to the sole object of setting forth the words 

and laws of Moses; and proving them by subsequent events。(99) When we 

put together these three considerations; namely; the unity of the subject of 

all   the   books;   the   connection   between   them;   and   the   fact   that   they   are 

compilations made many generations after the events they relate had taken 

place; we come to the conclusion; as I have just stated; that they are all the 

work of a single historian。 (100) Who this historian was; it is not so easy 

to   show;   but   I   suspect   that   he   was   Ezra;   and   there   are   several   strong 

reasons for adopting this hypothesis。 

     (101) The historian whom we already know to be but one individual 

brings his   history  down to the   liberation of   Jehoiakim;   and   adds that   he 

himself   sat   at   the   king's   table   all   his   life   …   that   is;   at   the   table   either   of 

Jehoiakim; or of the son of Nebuchadnezzar; for the sense of the passage is 

ambiguous: hence it follows that he did not live before the time of Ezra。 

(102) But Scripture does   not testify of any  except of Ezra (Ezra   vii:10); 

that he 〃prepared his heart to seek the law of the Lord; and to set it forth; 

and     f

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