the history-第23章

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s；　who　had　fled　to　Rhegium；　became　after　a　while　the　founders　of　the　city　called　Vela；　in　the　district　of　Oenotria。　This　city　they　colonised；　upon　the　showing　of　a　man　of　Posidonia；　who　suggested　that　the　oracle　had　not　meant　to　bid　them　set　up　a　town　in　Cyrnus　the　island；　but　set　up　the　worship　of　Cyrnus　the　hero。　　　　　Thus　fared　it　with　the　men　of　the　city　of　Phocaea　in　Ionia。　They　of　Teos　did　and　suffered　almost　the　same；　for　they　too；　when　Harpagus　had　raised　his　mound　to　the　height　of　their　defences；　took　ship；　one　and　all；　and　sailing　across　the　sea　to　Thrace；　founded　there　the　city　of　Abdera。　The　site　was　one　which　Timesius　of　Clazomenae　had　previously　tried　to　colonise；　but　without　any　lasting　success；　for　he　was　expelled　by　the　Thracians。　Still　the　Teians　of　Abdera　worship　him　to　this　day　as　a　hero。　　　　　Of　all　the　Ionians　these　two　states　alone；　rather　than　submit　to　slavery；　forsook　their　fatherland。　The　others　（I　except　Miletus）　resisted　Harpagus　no　less　bravely　than　those　who　fled　their　country；　and　performed　many　feats　of　arms；　each　fighting　in　their　own　defence；　but　one　after　another　they　suffered　defeat；　the　cities　were　taken；　and　the　inhabitants　submitted；　remaining　in　their　respective　countries；　and　obeying　the　behests　of　their　new　lords。　Miletus；　as　I　have　already　mentioned；　had　made　terms　with　Cyrus；　and　so　continued　at　peace。　Thus　was　continental　Ionia　once　more　reduced　to　servitude；　and　when　the　Ionians　of　the　islands　saw　their　brethren　upon　the　mainland　subjugated；　they　also；　dreading　the　like；　gave　themselves　up　to　Cyrus。　　　　　It　was　while　the　Ionians　were　in　this　distress；　but　still；　amid　it　all；　held　their　meetings；　as　of　old；　at　the　Panionium；　that　Bias　of　Priene；　who　was　present　at　the　festival；　recommended　（as　I　am　informed）　a　project　of　the　very　highest　wisdom；　which　would；　had　it　been　embraced；　have　enabled　the　Ionians　to　become　the　happiest　and　most　flourishing　of　the　Greeks。　He　exhorted　them　〃to　join　in　one　body；　set　sail　for　Sardinia；　and　there　found　a　single　Pan…Ionic　city；　so　they　would　escape　from　slavery　and　rise　to　great　fortune；　being　masters　of　the　largest　island　in　the　world；　exercising　dominion　even　beyond　its　bounds；　whereas　if　they　stayed　in　Ionia；　he　saw　no　prospect　of　their　ever　recovering　their　lost　freedom。〃　Such　was　the　counsel　which　Bias　gave　the　Ionians　in　their　affliction。　Before　their　misfortunes　began；　Thales；　a　man　of　Miletus；　of　Phoenician　descent；　had　recommended　a　different　plan。　He　counselled　them　to　establish　a　single　seat　of　government；　and　pointed　out　Teos　as　the　fittest　place　for　it；　〃for　that；〃　he　said；　〃was　the　centre　of　Ionia。　Their　other　cities　might　still　continue　to　enjoy　their　own　laws；　just　as　if　they　were　independent　states。〃　This　also　was　good　advice。　　　　　After　conquering　the　Ionians；　Harpagus　proceeded　to　attack　the　Carians；　the　Caunians；　and　the　Lycians。　The　Ionians　and　Aeolians　were　forced　to　serve　in　his　army。　Now；　of　the　above　nations　the　Carians　are　a　race　who　came　into　the　mainland　from　the　islands。　In　ancient　times　they　were　subjects　of　king　Minos；　and　went　by　the　name　of　Leleges；　dwelling　among　the　isles；　and；　so　far　as　I　have　been　able　to　push　my　inquiries；　never　liable　to　give　tribute　to　any　man。　They　served　on　board　the　ships　of　king　Minos　whenever　he　required；　and　thus；　as　he　was　a　great　conqueror　and　prospered　in　his　wars；　the　Carians　were　in　his　day　the　most　famous　by　far　of　all　the　nations　of　the　earth。　They　likewise　were　the　inventors　of　three　things；　the　use　of　which　was　borrowed　from　them　by　the　Greeks；　they　were　the　first　to　fasten　crests　on　helmets　and　to　put　devices　on　shields；　and　they　also　invented　handles　for　shields。　In　the　earlier　times　shields　were　without　handles；　and　their　wearers　managed　them　by　the　aid　of　a　leathern　thong；　by　which　they　were　slung　round　the　neck　and　left　shoulder。　Long　after　the　time　of　Minos；　the　Carians　were　driven　from　the　islands　by　the　Ionians　and　Dorians；　and　so　settled　upon　the　mainland。　The　above　is　the　account　which　the　Cretans　give　of　the　Carians：　the　Carians　themselves　say　very　differently。　They　maintain　that　they　are　the　aboriginal　inhabitants　of　the　part　of　the　mainland　where　they　now　dwell；　and　never　had　any　other　name　than　that　which　they　still　bear；　and　in　proof　of　this　they　show　an　ancient　temple　of　Carian　Jove　in　the　country　of　the　Mylasians；　in　which　the　Mysians　and　Lydians　have　the　right　of　worshipping；　as　brother　races　to　the　Carians：　for　Lydus　and　Mysus；　they　say；　were　brothers　of　Car。　These　nations；　therefore；　have　the　aforesaid　right；　but　such　as　are　of　a　different　race；　even　though　they　have　come　to　use　the　Carian　tongue；　are　excluded　from　this　temple。　　　　　The　Caunians；　in　my　judgment；　are　aboriginals；　but　by　their　own　account　they　came　from　Crete。　In　their　language；　either　they　have　approximated　to　the　Carians；　or　the　Carians　to　them…　on　this　point　I　cannot　speak　with　certainty。　In　their　customs；　however；　they　differ　greatly　from　the　Carians；　and　not　only　so；　but　from　all　other　men。　They　think　it　a　most　honourable　practice　for　friends　or　persons　of　the　same　age；　whether　they　be　men；　women；　or　children；　to　meet　together　in　large　companies；　for　the　purpose　of　drinking　wine。　Again；　on　one　occasion　they　determined　that　they　would　no　longer　make　use　of　the　foreign　temples　which　had　been　long　established　among　them；　but　would　worship　their　own　old　ancestral　gods　alone。　Then　their　whole　youth　took　arms；　and　striking　the　air　with　their　spears；　marched　to　the　Calyndic　frontier；　declaring　that　they　were　driving　out　the　foreign　gods。　　　　　The　Lycians　are　in　good　truth　anciently　from　Crete；　which　island；　in　former　days；　was　wholly　peopled　with　barbarians。　A　quarrel　arising　there　between　the　two　sons　of　Europa；　Sarpedon　and　Minos；　as　to　which　of　them　should　be　king；　Minos；　whose　party　prevailed；　drove　Sarpedon　and　his　followers　into　banishment。　The　exiles　sailed　to　Asia；　and　landed　on　the　Milyan　territory。　Milyas　was　the　ancient　name　of　the　country　now　inhabited　by　the　Lycians：　the　Milyae　of　the　present　day　were；　in　those　times；　called　Solymi。　So　long　as　Sarpedon　reigned；　his　followers　kept　the　name　which　they　brought　with　them　from　Crete；　and　were　called　Termilae；　as　the　Lycians　still　are　by　those　who　live　in　their　neighbourhood。　But　after　Lycus；　the　son　of　Pandion；　banished　from　Athens　by　his　brother　Aegeus　had　found　a　refuge　with　Sarpedon　in　the　country　of　these　Termilae；　they　came；　in　course　of　time；　to　be　called　from　him　Lycians。　Their　customs　are　partly　Cretan；　partly　Carian。　They　have；　however；　one　singular　custom　in　which　they　differ　from　every　other　nation　in　the　world。　They　take　the　mother's　and　not　the　father's　name。　Ask　a　Lycian　who　he　is；　and　he　answers　by　giving　his　own　name；　that　of　his　mother；　and　so　on　in　the　female　line。　Moreover；　if　a　free　woman　marry　a　man　who　is　a　slave；　their　children　are　full　citizens；　but　if　a　free　man　marry　a　foreign　woman；　or　live　with　a　concubine；　even　though　he　be　the　first　person　in　the　State；　the　children　forfeit　all　the　rights　of　citizenship。　　　　　Of　these　nations；　the　Carians　submitted　to　Harpagus　without　performing　any　brilliant　exploits。　Nor　did　the　Greeks　who　dwelt　in　Caria　behave　with　any　greater　gallantry。　Among　them　were　the　Cnidians；　colonists　from　Lacedaemon；　who　occupy　a　district　facing　the　sea；　which　is　called　Triopium。　This　region　adjoins　upon　the　Bybassian　Chersonese；　and；　except　a　very　small　space；　is　surrounded　by　the　sea；　being　bounded　on　the　north　by　the　Ceramic　Gulf；　and　on　the　south　by　the　channel　towards　the　islands　of　Syme　and　Rhodes。　While　Harpagus　was　engaged　in　the　conquest　of　Ionia；　the　Cnidians；　wishing　to　make　their　country　an　island；　attempted　to　cut　through　this　narrow　neck　of　land；　which　was　no　more　than　five　furlongs　across　from　sea　to　sea。　Their　whole　territory　lay　inside　the　isthmus；　for　where　Cnidia　ends　towards　the　mainland；　the　isthmus　begins　which　they　were　now　seeking　to　cut　through。　The　work　had　been　commenced；　and　many　hands　were　employed　upon　it；　when　it　was　observed　that　there　seemed　to　be　something　unusual　and　unnatural　in　the　number　of　wounds　that　the　workmen　received；　especially　about　their　eyes；　from　the　splintering　of　the　rock。　The　Cnidians；　therefore；　sent　to　Delphi；　to　inquire　what　it　was　that　hindered　their　ef