the history-第101章

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t　is　called）　14；040　furlongs；　since　Ephesus　is　distant　from　Sardis　540　furlongs。　This　would　add　three　days　to　the　three　months'　journey。　　　　　When　Aristagoras　left　Sparta　he　hastened　to　Athens；　which　had　got　quit　of　its　tyrants　in　the　way　that　I　will　now　describe。　After　the　death　of　Hipparchus　（the　son　of　Pisistratus；　and　brother　of　the　tyrant　Hippias）；　who；　in　spite　of　the　clear　warning　he　had　received　concerning　his　fate　in　a　dream；　was　slain　by　Harmodius　and　Aristogeiton　（men　both　of　the　race　of　the　Gephyraeans）；　the　oppression　of　the　Athenians　continued　by　the　space　of　four　years；　and　they　gained　nothing；　but　were　worse　used　than　before。　　　　　Now　the　dream　of　Hipparchus　was　the　following：…　The　night　before　the　Panathenaic　festival；　he　thought　he　saw　in　his　sleep　a　tall　and　beautiful　man；　who　stood　over　him；　and　read　him　the　following　riddle：…

　　　　Bear　thou　unbearable　woes　with　the　all…bearing　heart　of　a　lion；　　　　　Never；　be　sure；　shall　wrong…doer　escape　the　reward　of　　　　　　　wrong…doing。

As　soon　as　day　dawned　he　sent　and　submitted　his　dream　to　the　interpreters；　after　which　he　offered　the　averting　sacrifices；　and　then　went　and　led　the　procession　in　which　he　perished。　　　　　The　family　of　the　Gephyraeans；　to　which　the　murderers　of　Hipparchus　belonged；　according　to　their　own　account；　came　originally　from　Eretria。　My　inquiries；　however；　have　made　it　clear　to　me　that　they　are　in　reality　Phoenicians；　descendants　of　those　who　came　with　Cadmus　into　the　country　now　called　Boeotia。　Here　they　received　for　their　portion　the　district　of　Tanagra；　in　which　they　afterwards　dwelt。　On　their　expulsion　from　this　country　by　the　Boeotians　（which　happened　some　time　after　that　of　the　Cadmeians　from　the　same　parts　by　the　Argives）　they　took　refuge　at　Athens。　The　Athenians　received　them　among　their　citizens　upon　set　terms；　whereby　they　were　excluded　from　a　number　of　privileges　which　are　not　worth　mentioning。　　　　　Now　the　Phoenicians　who　came　with　Cadmus；　and　to　whom　the　Gephyraei　belonged；　introduced　into　Greece　upon　their　arrival　a　great　variety　of　arts；　among　the　rest　that　of　writing；　whereof　the　Greeks　till　then　had；　as　I　think；　been　ignorant。　And　originally　they　shaped　their　letters　exactly　like　all　the　other　Phoenicians；　but　afterwards；　in　course　of　time；　they　changed　by　degrees　their　language；　and　together　with　it　the　form　likewise　of　their　characters。　Now　the　Greeks　who　dwelt　about　those　parts　at　that　time　were　chiefly　the　Ionians。　The　Phoenician　letters　were　accordingly　adopted　by　them；　but　with　some　variation　in　the　shape　of　a　few；　and　so　they　arrived　at　the　present　use；　still　calling　the　letters　Phoenician；　as　justice　required；　after　the　name　of　those　who　were　the　first　to　introduce　them　into　Greece。　Paper　rolls　also　were　called　from　of　old　〃parchments〃　by　the　Ionians；　because　formerly　when　paper　was　scarce　they　used；　instead；　the　skins　of　sheep　and　goats…　on　which　material　many　of　the　barbarians　are　even　now　wont　to　write。　　　　　I　myself　saw　Cadmeian　characters　engraved　upon　some　tripods　in　the　temple　of　Apollo　Ismenias　in　Boeotian　Thebes；　most　of　them　shaped　like　the　Ionian。　One　of　the　tripods　has　the　inscription　following：…

　　　　Me　did　Amphitryon　place；　from　the　far　Teleboans　coming。

　　　　This　would　be　about　the　age　of　Laius；　the　son　of　Labdacus；　the　son　of　Polydorus；　the　son　of　Cadmus。　　　　　Another　of　the　tripods　has　this　legend　in　the　hexameter　measure：…

　　　　I　to　far…shooting　Phoebus　was　offered　by　Scaeus　the　boxer；　　　　　When　he　had　won　at　the　games…　a　wondrous　beautiful　offering。

This　might　be　Scaeus；　the　son　of　Hippocoon；　and　the　tripod；　if　dedicated　by　him；　and　not　by　another　of　the　same　name；　would　belong　to　the　time　of　Oedipus；　the　son　of　Laius。　　　　　The　third　tripod　has　also　an　inscription　in　hexameters；　which　runs　thus：…

　　　　King　Laodamas　gave　this　tripod　to　far…seeing　Phoebus；　　　　　When　he　was　set　on　the　throne…　a　wondrous　beautiful　offering。

It　was　in　the　reign　of　this　Laodamas；　the　son　of　Eteocles；　that　the　Cadmeians　were　driven　by　the　Argives　out　of　their　country；　and　found　a　shelter　with　the　Encheleans。　The　Gephyraeans　at　that　time　remained　in　the　country；　but　afterwards　they　retired　before　the　Boeotians；　and　took　refuge　at　Athens；　where　they　have　a　number　of　temples　for　their　separate　use；　which　the　other　Athenians　are　not　allowed　to　enter…　among　the　rest；　one　of　Achaean　Ceres；　in　whose　honour　they　likewise　celebrate　special　orgies。　　　　　Having　thus　related　the　dream　which　Hipparchus　saw；　and　traced　the　descent　of　the　Gephyraeans；　the　family　whereto　his　murderers　belonged；　I　must　proceed　with　the　matter　whereof　I　was　intending　before　to　speak；　to　wit；　the　way　in　which　the　Athenians　got　quit　of　their　tyrants。　Upon　the　death　of　Hipparchus；　Hippias；　who　was　king；　grew　harsh　towards　the　Athenians；　and　the　Alcaeonidae；　an　Athenian　family　which　had　been　banished　by　the　Pisistratidae；　joined　the　other　exiles；　and　endeavoured　to　procure　their　own　return；　and　to　free　Athens；　by　force。　They　seized　and　fortified　Leipsydrium　above　Paeonia；　and　tried　to　gain　their　object　by　arms；　but　great　disasters　befell　them；　and　their　purpose　remained　unaccomplished。　They　therefore　resolved　to　shrink　from　no　contrivance　that　might　bring　them　success；　and　accordingly　they　contracted　with　the　Amphictyons　to　build　the　temple　which　now　stands　at　Delphi；　but　which　in　those　days　did　not　exist。　Having　done　this；　they　proceeded；　being　men　of　great　wealth　and　members　of　an　ancient　and　distinguished　family；　to　build　the　temple　much　more　magnificently　than　the　plan　obliged　them。　Besides　other　improvements；　instead　of　the　coarse　stone　whereof　by　the　contract　the　temple　was　to　have　been　constructed；　they　made　the　facings　of　Parian　marble。　　　　　These　same　men；　if　we　may　believe　the　Athenians；　during　their　stay　at　Delphi　persuaded　the　Pythoness　by　a　bribe　to　tell　the　Spartans；　whenever　any　of　them　came　to　consult　the　oracle；　either　on　their　own　private　affairs　or　on　the　business　of　the　state；　that　they　must　free　Athens。　So　the　Lacedaemonians；　when　they　found　no　answer　ever　returned　to　them　but　this；　sent　at　last　Anchimolius；　the　son　of　Aster…　a　man　of　note　among　their　citizens…　at　the　head　of　an　army　against　Athens；　with　orders　to　drive　out　the　Pisistratidae；　albeit　they　were　bound　to　them　by　the　closest　ties　of　friendship。　For　they　esteemed　the　things　of　heaven　more　highly　than　the　things　of　men。　The　troops　went　by　sea　and　were　conveyed　in　transports。　Anchimolius　brought　them　to　an　anchorage　at　Phalerum；　and　there　the　men　disembarked。　But　the　Pisistratidae；　who　had　previous　knowledge　of　their　intentions；　had　sent　to　Thessaly；　between　which　country　and　Athens　there　was　an　alliance；　with　a　request　for　aid。　The　Thessalians；　in　reply　to　their　entreaties；　sent　them　by　a　public　vote　1000　horsemen；　under　the　command　of　their　king；　Cineas；　who　was　a　Coniaean。　When　this　help　came；　the　Pisistratidae　laid　their　plan　accordingly：　they　cleared　the　whole　plain　about　Phalerum　so　as　to　make　it　fit　for　the　movements　of　cavalry；　and　then　charged　the　enemy's　camp　with　their　horse；　which　fell　with　such　fury　upon　the　Lacedaemonians　as　to　kill　numbers；　among　the　rest　Anchimolius；　the　general；　and　to　drive　the　remainder　to　their　ships。　Such　was　the　fate　of　the　first　army　sent　from　Lacedaemon；　and　the　tomb　of　Anchimolius　may　be　seen　to　this　day　in　Attica；　it　is　at　Alopecae　（Foxtown）；　near　the　temple　of　Hercules　in　Cynosargos。　　　　　Afterwards；　the　Lacedaemonians　despatched　a　larger　force　against　Athens；　which　they　put　under　the　command　of　Cleomenes；　son　of　Anaxandridas；　one　of　their　kings。　These　troops　were　not　sent　by　sea；　but　marched　by　the　mainland。　When　they　were　come　into　Attica；　their　first　encounter　was　with　the　Thessalian　horse；　which　they　shortly　put　to　flight；　killing　above　forty　men；　the　remainder　made　good　their　escape；　and　fled　straight　to　Thessaly。　Cleomenes　proceeded　to　the　city；　and；　with　the　aid　of　such　of　the　Athenians　as　wished　for　freedom；　besieged　the　tyrants；　who　had　shut　themselves　up　in　the　Pelasgic　fortress。　　　　　And　now　there　had　been　small　chance　of　the　Pisistratidae　falling　into　the　hands　of　the　Spartans；　who　did　not　even　design　to　sit　down　before　the　place；　which　had　moreover　been　well　provisioned　beforehand　with　stores　both　of　meat　and　drink；…　nay；　it　is　likely