the man versus the state-第4章
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Ministry of Lord John Russell； in 1866； have to be named an Act to regulate cattle…sheds； etc。； in Scotland； giving local authorities powers to inspect sanitary conditions and fix the numbers of cattle； an Act forcing hop…growers to label their bags with the year and place of growth and the true weight； and giving police powers of search； an Act to facilitate the building of lodging…houses in Ireland； and providing for regulation of the inmates； a Public Health Act； under which there is registration of lodging…houses and Station of occupants； with inspection and directions for lime…washing； etc。； and a Public Libraries Act； giving local powers by which a majority can tax a minority for their books。 Passing now to the legislation under the first Ministry of Mr Gladstone； we have； in 1869； the establishment of State…telegraphy； with the accompanying interdict on telegraphing through any other agency； we have the empowering a Secretary of State to regulate hired conveyances in London； we have further and more stringent regulations to prevent cattle…diseases from spreading； another Beerhouse Regulation Act； and a Sea…birds Preservation Act （ensuring greater mortality of fish）。 In 1870 we have a law authorizing the Board of Public Works to make advances for landlords' improvements and for purchase by tenants； we have the Act which enables the Education Department to form school…boards which shall purchase sites for schools； and may provide free schools supported by local rates； and enabling school…boards to pay a child's fees； to compel parents to send their children； etc。； etc。； we have a further Factories and Workshops Act； making； among other restrictions； some on the employment of women and children in fruit…preserving and fishcuring works。 In 1871 we meet with an amended Merchant Shipping Act； directing officers of the Board of Trade to record the draught of sea…going vessels leaving port； there is another Factory and Workshops Act； making further restrictions； there is a Pedlar's Act； inflicting penalties for hawking without a certificate； and limiting the district within which the certificate holds； as well as giving the police power to search pedlars' packs； and there are further measures for enforcing vaccination。 The year 1872 had； among other Acts； one which makes it illegal to take for hire more than one child to nurse； unless in a house registered by the authorities； who prescribe the number of infants to be received； it had a Licensing Act； interdicting sale of spirits to those apparently under sixteen； and it had another Merchant Shipping Act； establishing an annual survey of passenger steamers。 Then in 1873 was passed the Agricultural Children's Act； which makes it penal for a farmer to employ a child who has neither certificate of elementary education nor of certain prescribed school attendances； and there was passed a Merchant Shipping Act； requiring on each vessel a scale showing draught and giving the Board of Trade power to fix the numbers of boats and life…saving appliances to be carried。 Turn now to Liberal law…making under the present Ministry。 We have； in 1880； a law which forbids conditional advance…notes in payment of sailors' wages； also a law which dictates certain arrangements for the safe carriage of grain…cargoes； also a law increasing local coercion over parents to send their children to school。 In 1881 comes legislation to prevent trawling over clam…beds and bait…beds； and an interdict making it impossible to buy a glass of beer on Sunday in Wales。 In 1882 the Board of Trade was authorized to grant licences to generate and sell electricity； and municipal bodies were enabled to levy rates for electric…lighting； further exactions from ratepayers were authorized for facilitating more accessible baths and washhouses； and local authorities were empowered to make bye…laws for securing the decent lodging of persons engaged in picking fruit and vegetables。 Of such legislation during 1883 may be named the Cheap Trains Act； which； partly by taxing the nation to the extent of *400；000 a year （in the shape of relinquished passenger duty）； and partly at the cost of railway…proprietors； still further cheapens travelling for workmen： the Board of Trade； through the Railway Commissioners； being empowered to ensure sufficiently good and frequent accommodation。 Again； there is the Act which； under penalty of *10 for disobedience； forbids the payment of wages to workmen at or within public…houses； there is another Factory and Workshops Act； commanding inspection of white lead works （to see that there are provided overalls； respirators； baths； acidulated drinks； etc。） and of bake…houses； regulating times of employment in both； and prescribing in detail some constructions for the last； which are to be kept in a condition satisfactory to the inspectors。 But we are far from forming an adequate conception if we look only at the compulsory legislation which has actually been established of late years。 We must look also at that which is advocated； and which threatens to be far more sweeping in range and stringent in character。 We have lately had a Cabinet Minister； one of the most advanced Liberals； so…called； who pooh…poohs the plans of the late Government for improving industrial dwellings as so much 〃tinkering；〃 and contends for effectual coercion to be exercised over owners of small houses； over land…owners； and over rate…payers。 Here is another Cabinet Minister who； addressing his constituents； speaks slightingly of the doings of philanthropic societies and religious bodies to help the poor； and says that 〃the whole of the people of this country ought to look upon this work as being their own work：〃 that is to say； some extensive Government measure is called for。 Again； we have a Radical member of Parliament who leads a large and powerful body； aiming with annually…increasing promise of success； to enforce sobriety by giving to local majorities powers to prevent freedom of exchange in respect of certain commodities。 Regulation of the hours of labour for certain classes； which has been made more and more general by successive extensions of the Factories Acts； is likely now to be made still more general： a measure is to be proposed bringing the employees in all shops under such regulation。 There is a rising demand； too； that education shall be made gratis for all。 The payment of school…fees is beginning to be denounced as a wrong： the State must take the whole burden。 Moreover； it is proposed by many that the State； regarded as an undoubtedly competent judge of what constitutes good education for the poor； shall undertake also to prescribe good education for the middle classes shall stamp the children of these； too； after a State pattern； concerning the goodness of which they have no more doubt than the Chinese had when they fixed theirs。 Then there is the 〃endowment of research；〃 of late energetically urged。 Already the Government gives every year the sum of *4；000 for this purpose； to be distributed through the Royal Society； and in the absence of those who have strong motives for resisting the pressure of the interested backed by those they easily persuade； it may by…and…by establish that paid 〃priesthood of science〃 long ago advocated by Sir David Brewster。 Once more； plausible proposals are made that there should be organized a system of compulsory insurance； by which men during their early lives shall be forced to provide for the time when they will be incapacitated。 Nor does enumeration of these further measures of coercive rule； looming on us near at hand or in the distance； complete the account。 Nothing more than cursory allusion has yet been made to that accompanying compulsion which takes the form of increased taxation； general and local。 Partly for defraying the costs of caring out these ever…multiplying coercive measures； each of which requires an additional staff of officers； and partly to meet the outlay for new public institutions； such as board…schools； free libraries； public museums； baths and wash…houses； recreation grounds； etc。； etc。； local rates are year after year increased； as the general taxation is increased by grants for education and to the departments of science and art； etc。 Ev
