the man versus the state-第12章
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nds acquired at nominal prices； there will be reached a stage whence there is but a small further step to that arrangement which； in the programme of the Democratic Federation； is to follow nationalization of the land the 〃organization of agricultural and industrial armies under State control on cooperative principles。〃 To one who doubts whether such a revolution may be so reached； facts may be cited showing its likelihood。 In Gaul； during the decline of the Roman Empire； 〃so numerous were the receivers in comparison with the payers； and so enormous the weight of taxation； that the labourer broke down； the plains became deserts； and woods grew where the plough had been。〃（11*） In like manner； when the French Revolution was approaching； the public burdens had become such； that many farms remained uncultivated and many were deserted： one…quarter of the soil was absolutely lying waste； and in some provinces one…half was in health。（12*） Nor have we been without incidents of a kindred nature at home。 Besides the facts that under the old Poor Law the rates had in some parishes risen to half the rental； and that in various places farms were lying idle； there is the fact that in one case the rates had absorbed the whole proceeds of the soil。
At Cholesbury； in Buckinghamshire； in 1832； the poor…rate 〃suddenly ceased in consequence of the impossibility to continue its collection； the landlords having given up their rents； the farmers their tenancies； and the clergyman his glebe and his tithes。 The clergyman； Mr Jeston； states that in October； 1832； the parish officers threw up their books； and the poor assembled in a body before his door while he was in bed； asking for advice and food。 Partly from his own small means； partly from the charity of neighbours； and partly by rates in aid； imposed on the neighbouring parishes； they were for some time supported。〃（13*）
And the Commissioners add that 〃the benevolent rector recommends that the whole of the land should be divided among the able…bodied paupers：〃 hoping that after help afforded for two years； they might be able to maintain themselves。 These facts； giving colour to the prophecy made in Parliament that continuance of the old Poor Law for another thirty years would throw the land out of cultivation； clearly show that increase of public burdens may end in forced cultivation under public control。 Then； again； comes State…ownership of railways。 Already this exists to a large extent on the Continent。 Already we have had here a few years ago loud advocacy of it。 And now the cry； which was raised by sundry politicians and publicists； is taken up afresh by the Democratic Federation； which proposes 〃State…appropriation of railways； with or without compensation。〃 Evidently； pressure from above joined by pressure from below； is likely to effect this change dictated by the policy everywhere spreading； and with it must come many attendant changes。 For railway…proprietors； at first owners and workers of railways only； have become masters of numerous businesses directly or indirectly connected with railways； and these will have to be purchased by Government when the railways are purchased。 Already exclusive letter…carrier； exclusive transmitter of telegrams； and on the way to become exclusive carrier of parcels； the State will not only be exclusive carrier of passengers； goods； and minerals； but will add to its present various trades many other trades。 Even now； besides erecting its naval and military establishments and building harbours； docks； breakwaters； etc。； it does the work of shipbuilder； cannonfounder； small…arms maker； manufacturer of ammunition； army…clothier and bootmaker； and when the railways have been appropriated 〃with or without compensation；〃 as the Democratic Federationists say； it will have to become locomotive…engine…builder； carriage…maker； tarpaulin and grease manufacturer； passenger…vessel owner； coal…miner； stone…quarrier； omnibus proprietor； etc。 Meanwhile its local lieutenants； the municipal governments； already in many places suppliers of water； gas…makers； owners and workers of tramways； proprietors of baths； will doubtless have undertaken various other businesses。 And when the State； directly or by proxy； has thus come into possession of； or has established； numerous concerns for wholesale production and for wholesale distribution； there will be good precedents for extending its function to retail distribution： following such an example； say； as is offered by the French Government； which has long been a retail tobacconist。 Evidently then； the changes made； the changes in progress； and the changes urged； will carry us not only towards State…ownership of land and dwellings and means of communication； all to be administered and worked by State…agents； but towards State…usurpation of all industries： the private forms of which； disadvantaged more and more in competition with the State； which can arrange everything for its own convenience； will more and more die away； just as many voluntary schools have； in presence of Board…schools。 And so will be brought about the desired ideal of the Socialists。
And now when there has been compassed this desired ideal； which 〃practical〃 politicians are helping Socialists to reach； and which is so tempting on that bright side which Socialists contemplate； what must be the accompanying shady side which they do not contemplate？ It is a matter of common remark； often made when a marriage is impending； that those possessed by strong hopes habitually dwell on the promised pleasures and think nothing of the accompanying pains。 A further exemplification of this truth is supplied by these political enthusiasts and fanatical revolutionists。 Impressed with the miseries existing under our present social arrangements； and not regarding these miseries as caused by the ill…working of a human nature but partially adapted to the social state； they imagine them to be forthwith curable by this or that re…arrangement。 Yet； even did their plans succeed it could only be by substituting one kind of evil for another。 A little deliberate thought would show that under their proposed arrangements； their liberties must be surrendered in proportion as their material welfares were cared for。 For no form of co…operation； small or great； can be carried on without regulation； and an implied submission to the regulating agencies。 Even one of their own organizations for effecting social changes yields them proof。 It is compelled to have its councils； its local and general officers； its authoritative leaders； who must be obeyed under penalty of confusion and failure。 And the experience of those who are loudest in their advocacy of a new social order under the paternal control of a Government； shows that even in private voluntarily…formed societies； the power of the regulative organization becomes great； if not irresistible； often； indeed； causing grumbling and restiveness among those controlled。 Trades Unions which carry on a kind of industrial war in defence of workers' interests versus employers' interests； find that subordination almost military in its strictness is needful to secure efficient action； for divided councils prove fatal to success。 And even in bodies of co…operators； formed for caring on manufacturing or distributing businesses； and not needing that obedience to leaders which is required where the aims are offensive or defensive； it is still found that the administrative agency gains such supremacy that there arise complaints about 〃the tyranny of organization。〃 Judge then what must happen when； instead of relatively small combinations； to which men may belong or not as they please； we have a national combination in which each citizen finds himself incorporated； and from which he cannot separate himself without leaving the country。 Judge what must under such conditions become the despotism of a graduated and centralized officialism； holding in its hands the resources of the community； and having behind it whatever amount of force it finds requisite to carry out its decrees and maintain what it calls order。 Well may Prince Bismarck display leanings towards State…socialism。 And then after recognizing； as they must if they think out
