the man versus the state-第10章
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hopes of further ones。 Indeed the more numerous public instrumentalities become； the more is there generated in citizens the notion that everything is to be done for them； and nothing by them。 Each generation is made less familiar with the attainment of desired ends by individual actions or private combinations； and more familiar with the attainment of them by governmental agencies； until； eventually； governmental agencies come to be thought of as the only available agencies。 This result was well shown in the recent Trades…Unions Congress at Paris。 The English delegates； reporting to their constituents； said that between themselves and their foreign colleagues 〃the point of difference was the extent to which the State should be asked to protect labour：〃 reference being thus made to the fact； conspicuous in the reports of the proceedings； that the French delegates always invoked governmental power as the only means of satisfying their wishes。 The diffusion of education has worked； and will work still more； in the same direction。 〃We must educate our masters；〃 is the well…known saying of a Liberal who opposed the last extension of the franchise。 Yes； if the education were worthy to be so called； and were relevant to the political enlightenment needed； much might be hoped from it。 But knowing rules of syntax； being able to add up correctly； having geographical information； and a memory stocked with the dates of kings' accessions and generals' victories； no more implies fitness to form political conclusions than acquirement of skill in drawing implies expertness in telegraphing； or than ability to play cricket implies proficiency on the violin。 〃Surely；〃 rejoins some one； 〃facility in reading opens the way to political knowledge。〃 Doubtless； but will the way be followed？ Table…talk proves that nine out of ten people read what amuses them or interests them rather than what instructs them； and that the last thing they read is something which tells them disagreeable truths or dispels groundless hopes。 That popular education results in an extensive reading of publications which foster pleasant illusions rather than of those which insist on hard realities； is beyond question。 Says 〃A Mechanic；〃 writing in the Pall Mall Gazette of December 3； 1883：
〃Improved education instills the desire for culture culture instills the desire for many things as yet quite beyond working men's reach。。。 in the furious competition to which the present age is given up they are utterly impossible to the poorer classes； hence they are discontented with things as they are； and the more educated the more discontented。 Hence； too； Mr Ruskin and Mr Morris are regarded as true prophets by many of us。〃
And that the connexion of cause and effect here alleged is a real one； we may see clearly enough in the present state of Germany。 Being possessed of electoral power； as are now the mass of those who are thus led to nurture sanguine anticipations of benefits to be obtained by social reorganization； it results that whoever seeks their votes must at least refrain from exposing their mistaken beliefs； even if he does not yield to the temptation to express agreement with them。 Every candidate for Parliament is prompted to propose or support some new piece of ad captandum legislation。 Nay； even the chiefs of parties these anxious to retain office and those to wrest it from them severally aim to get adherents by outbidding one another。 Each seeks popularity by promising more than his opponent has promised； as we have lately seen。 And then； as divisions in Parliament show us； the traditional loyalty to leaders overrides questions concerning the intrinsic propriety of proposed measures。 Representatives are unconscientious enough to vote for Bills which they believe to be wrong in principle； because party…needs and regard for the net election demand it。 And thus a vicious policy is strengthened even by those who see its viciousness。 Meanwhile there goes on out…of…doors an active propaganda to which all these influences are ancillary。 Communistic theories； partially indorsed by one Act of Parliament after another； and tacitly if not avowedly favoured by numerous public men seeking supporters； are being advocated more and more vociferously under one or other form by popular leaders； and urged on by organized societies。 There is the movement for land…nationalization which； aiming at a system of land…tenure equitable in the abstract； is； as all the world knows； pressed by Mr George and his friends with avowed disregard for the just claims of existing owners； and as the basis of a scheme going more than half…way to State…socialism。 And then there is the thorough…going Democratic Federation of Mr Hyndman and his adherents。 We are told by them that 〃the handful of marauders who now hold possession ＇of the land＇ have and can have no right save brute force against the tens of millions whom they wrong。〃 They exclaim against 〃the shareholders who have been allowed to lay hands upon （！） our great railway communications。〃 They condemn 〃above all； the active capitalist class； the loan…mongers； the farmers； the mine exploiters； the contractors； the middle…men； the factory lords these； the modern slave drivers〃 who exact 〃more and yet more surplus value out of the wage…slaves whom they employ。〃 And they think it 〃high time〃 that trade should be 〃removed from the control of individual greed。〃（8*） It remains to point out that the tendencies thus variously displayed； are being strengthened by press…advocacy； daily more pronounced。 Journalists； always chary of saying that which is distasteful to their readers； are some of them going with the stream and adding to its force。 Legislative meddlings which they would once have condemned they now pass in silence； if they do not advocate them； and they speak of laissez…faire as an exploded doctrine。 〃People are no longer frightened at the thought of socialism；〃 is the statement which meets us one day。 On another day； a town which does not adopt the Free Libraries Act is sneered at as being alarmed by a measure so moderately communistic。 And then； along with editorial assertions that this economic evolution is coming and must be accepted； there is prominence given to the contributions of its advocates。 Meanwhile those who regard the recent course of legislation as disastrous； and see that its future course is likely to be still more disastrous； are being reduced to silence by the belief that it is useless to reason with people in a state of political intoxication。 See； then； the many concurrent causes which threaten continually to accelerate the transformation now going on。 There is that spread of regulation caused by following precedents； which become the more authoritative the further the policy is carried。 There is that increasing need for administrative compulsions and restraints； which results from the unforeseen evils and shortcomings of preceding compulsions and restraints。 Moreover； every additional State…interference strengthens the tacit assumption that it is the duty of the State to deal with all evils and secure all benefits。 Increasing power of a growing administrative organization is accompanied by decreasing power of the rest of the society to resist its further growth and control。 The multiplication of careers opened by a developing bureaucracy； tempts members of the classes regulated by it to favour its extension； as adding to the chances of safe and respectable places for their relatives。 The people at large； led to look on benefits received through public agencies as gratis benefits； have their hopes continually excited by the prospects of more。 A spreading education； furthering the diffusion of pleasing errors rather than of stern truths； renders such hopes both stronger and more general。 Worse still； such hopes are ministered to by candidates for public choice； to augment their chances of success； and leading statesmen； in pursuit of party ends； bid for popular favour by countenancing them。 Getting repeated justifications from new laws harmonizing with their doctrines； political enthusiasts and unwise philanthropists push their agitations with growing confidence and success。 Journalism； ever responsive to
