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lest¡¡he¡¡freeze¡¡to¡¡death¡£¡¡He¡¡learned¡¡how¡¡to¡¡dig¡¡holes¡¡and¡¡cover

them¡¡with¡¡branches¡¡and¡¡leaves¡¡and¡¡in¡¡these¡¡traps¡¡he¡¡caught

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In¡¡this¡¡way¡¡thousands¡¡of¡¡years¡¡passed¡£¡¡Only¡¡the¡¡people

with¡¡the¡¡cleverest¡¡brains¡¡survived¡£¡¡They¡¡had¡¡to¡¡struggle¡¡day

and¡¡night¡¡against¡¡cold¡¡and¡¡hunger¡£¡¡They¡¡were¡¡forced¡¡to¡¡invent

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clay¡¡could¡¡be¡¡made¡¡into¡¡bowls¡¡and¡¡jars¡¡and¡¡hardened¡¡in¡¡the

rays¡¡of¡¡the¡¡sun¡£¡¡And¡¡so¡¡the¡¡glacial¡¡period£»¡¡which¡¡had¡¡threatened

to¡¡destroy¡¡the¡¡human¡¡race£»¡¡became¡¡its¡¡greatest¡¡teacher

because¡¡it¡¡forced¡¡man¡¡to¡¡use¡¡his¡¡brain¡£







HIEROGLYPHICS



THE¡¡EGYPTIANS¡¡INVENT¡¡THE¡¡ART¡¡OF

WRITING¡¡AND¡¡THE¡¡RECORD¡¡OF

HISTORY¡¡BEGINS





THESE¡¡earliest¡¡ancestors¡¡of¡¡ours¡¡who¡¡lived¡¡in¡¡the¡¡great

European¡¡wilderness¡¡were¡¡rapidly¡¡learning¡¡many¡¡new¡¡things¡£

It¡¡is¡¡safe¡¡to¡¡say¡¡that¡¡in¡¡due¡¡course¡¡of¡¡time¡¡they¡¡would¡¡have

given¡¡up¡¡the¡¡ways¡¡of¡¡savages¡¡and¡¡would¡¡have¡¡developed¡¡a

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their¡¡isolation¡£¡¡They¡¡were¡¡discovered¡£



A¡¡traveller¡¡from¡¡an¡¡unknown¡¡southland¡¡who¡¡had¡¡dared¡¡to

cross¡¡the¡¡sea¡¡and¡¡the¡¡high¡¡mountain¡¡passes¡¡had¡¡found¡¡his¡¡way

to¡¡the¡¡wild¡¡people¡¡of¡¡the¡¡European¡¡continent¡£¡¡He¡¡came¡¡from

Africa¡£¡¡His¡¡home¡¡was¡¡in¡¡Egypt¡£



The¡¡valley¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Nile¡¡had¡¡developed¡¡a¡¡high¡¡stage¡¡of¡¡civilisation

thousands¡¡of¡¡years¡¡before¡¡the¡¡people¡¡of¡¡the¡¡west¡¡had

dreamed¡¡of¡¡the¡¡possibilities¡¡of¡¡a¡¡fork¡¡or¡¡a¡¡wheel¡¡or¡¡a¡¡house¡£

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the¡¡Mediterranean£»¡¡where¡¡stood¡¡the¡¡earliest¡¡school¡¡of¡¡the

human¡¡race¡£



The¡¡Egyptians¡¡have¡¡taught¡¡us¡¡many¡¡things¡£¡¡They¡¡were

excellent¡¡farmers¡£¡¡They¡¡knew¡¡all¡¡about¡¡irrigation¡£¡¡They¡¡built

temples¡¡which¡¡were¡¡afterwards¡¡copied¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Greeks¡¡and¡¡which

served¡¡as¡¡the¡¡earliest¡¡models¡¡for¡¡the¡¡churches¡¡in¡¡which¡¡we¡¡worship

nowadays¡£¡¡They¡¡had¡¡invented¡¡a¡¡calendar¡¡which¡¡proved

such¡¡a¡¡useful¡¡instrument¡¡for¡¡the¡¡purpose¡¡of¡¡measuring¡¡time

that¡¡it¡¡has¡¡survived¡¡with¡¡a¡¡few¡¡changes¡¡until¡¡today¡£¡¡But¡¡most

important¡¡of¡¡all£»¡¡the¡¡Egyptians¡¡had¡¡learned¡¡how¡¡to¡¡preserve

speech¡¡for¡¡the¡¡benefit¡¡of¡¡future¡¡generations¡£¡¡They¡¡had¡¡invented

the¡¡art¡¡of¡¡writing¡£



We¡¡are¡¡so¡¡accustomed¡¡to¡¡newspapers¡¡and¡¡books¡¡and¡¡magazines

that¡¡we¡¡take¡¡it¡¡for¡¡granted¡¡that¡¡the¡¡world¡¡has¡¡always¡¡been

able¡¡to¡¡read¡¡and¡¡write¡£¡¡As¡¡a¡¡matter¡¡of¡¡fact£»¡¡writing£»¡¡the¡¡most

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make¡¡use¡¡of¡¡the¡¡experience¡¡of¡¡those¡¡generations¡¡of¡¡cats¡¡and

dogs¡¡that¡¡have¡¡gone¡¡before¡£



In¡¡the¡¡first¡¡century¡¡before¡¡our¡¡era£»¡¡when¡¡the¡¡Romans¡¡came

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which¡¡seemed¡¡to¡¡have¡¡something¡¡to¡¡do¡¡with¡¡the¡¡history

of¡¡the¡¡country¡£¡¡But¡¡the¡¡Romans¡¡were¡¡not¡¡interested¡¡in¡¡¡®¡®anything

foreign''¡¡and¡¡did¡¡not¡¡inquire¡¡into¡¡the¡¡origin¡¡of¡¡these¡¡queer

figures¡¡which¡¡covered¡¡the¡¡walls¡¡of¡¡the¡¡temples¡¡and¡¡the¡¡walls¡¡of

the¡¡palaces¡¡and¡¡endless¡¡reams¡¡of¡¡flat¡¡sheets¡¡made¡¡out¡¡of¡¡the

papyrus¡¡reed¡£¡¡The¡¡last¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Egyptian¡¡priests¡¡who¡¡had

understood¡¡the¡¡holy¡¡art¡¡of¡¡making¡¡such¡¡pictures¡¡had¡¡died¡¡several

years¡¡before¡£¡¡Egypt¡¡deprived¡¡of¡¡its¡¡independence¡¡had

become¡¡a¡¡store¡­house¡¡filled¡¡with¡¡important¡¡historical¡¡documents

which¡¡no¡¡one¡¡could¡¡decipher¡¡and¡¡which¡¡were¡¡of¡¡no¡¡earthly¡¡use

to¡¡either¡¡man¡¡or¡¡beast¡£



Seventeen¡¡centuries¡¡went¡¡by¡¡and¡¡Egypt¡¡remained¡¡a¡¡land

of¡¡mystery¡£¡¡But¡¡in¡¡the¡¡year¡¡1798¡¡a¡¡French¡¡general¡¡by¡¡the

name¡¡of¡¡Bonaparte¡¡happened¡¡to¡¡visit¡¡eastern¡¡Africa¡¡to¡¡prepare

for¡¡an¡¡attack¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡British¡¡Indian¡¡Colonies¡£¡¡He¡¡did

not¡¡get¡¡beyond¡¡the¡¡Nile£»¡¡and¡¡his¡¡campaign¡¡was¡¡a¡¡failure¡£¡¡But£»

quite¡¡accidentally£»¡¡the¡¡famous¡¡French¡¡expedition¡¡solved¡¡the

problem¡¡of¡¡the¡¡ancient¡¡Egyptian¡¡picture¡­language¡£



One¡¡day¡¡a¡¡young¡¡French¡¡officer£»¡¡much¡¡bored¡¡by¡¡the¡¡dreary

life¡¡of¡¡his¡¡little¡¡fortress¡¡on¡¡the¡¡Rosetta¡¡river¡¡£¨a¡¡mouth¡¡of¡¡the

Nile£©¡¡decided¡¡to¡¡spend¡¡a¡¡few¡¡idle¡¡hours¡¡rummaging¡¡among

the¡¡ruins¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Nile¡¡Delta¡£¡¡And¡¡behold£¡¡¡he¡¡found¡¡a¡¡stone

which¡¡greatly¡¡puzzled¡¡him¡£¡¡Like¡¡everything¡¡else¡¡in¡¡Egypt

it¡¡was¡¡covered¡¡with¡¡little¡¡figures¡£¡¡But¡¡this¡¡particular¡¡slab¡¡of

black¡¡basalt¡¡was¡¡different¡¡from¡¡anything¡¡that¡¡had¡¡ever¡¡been

discovered¡£¡¡It¡¡carried¡¡three¡¡inscriptions¡£¡¡One¡¡of¡¡these¡¡was

in¡¡Greek¡£¡¡The¡¡Greek¡¡language¡¡was¡¡known¡£¡¡¡®¡®All¡¡that¡¡is

necessary£»''¡¡so¡¡he¡¡reasoned£»¡¡¡®¡®is¡¡to¡¡compare¡¡the¡¡Greek¡¡text¡¡with

the¡¡Egyptian¡¡figures£»¡¡and¡¡they¡¡will¡¡at¡¡once¡¡tell¡¡their¡¡secrets¡£''



The¡¡plan¡¡sounded¡¡simple¡¡enough¡¡but¡¡it¡¡took¡¡more¡¡than

twenty¡¡years¡¡to¡¡solve¡¡the¡¡riddle¡£¡¡In¡¡the¡¡year¡¡1802¡¡a¡¡French

professor¡¡by¡¡the¡¡name¡¡of¡¡Champollion¡¡began¡¡to¡¡compare¡¡the

Greek¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Egyptian¡¡texts¡¡of¡¡the¡¡famous¡¡Rosetta¡¡stone¡£¡¡In

the¡¡year¡¡1823¡¡he¡¡announced¡¡that¡¡he¡¡had¡¡discovered¡¡the¡¡meaning

of¡¡fourteen¡¡little¡¡figures¡£¡¡A¡¡short¡¡time¡¡later¡¡he¡¡died¡¡from

overwork£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡main¡¡principles¡¡of¡¡Egyptian¡¡writing¡¡had

become¡¡known¡£¡¡Today¡¡the¡¡story¡¡of¡¡the¡¡valley¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Nile¡¡is

better¡¡known¡¡to¡¡us¡¡than¡¡the¡¡story¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Mississippi¡¡River¡£

We¡¡possess¡¡a¡¡written¡¡record¡¡which¡¡covers¡¡four¡¡thousand¡¡years

of¡¡chronicled¡¡history¡£



As¡¡the¡¡ancient¡¡Egyptian¡¡hieroglyphics¡¡£¨the¡¡word¡¡means

¡®¡®sacred¡¡writing''£©¡¡have¡¡played¡¡such¡¡a¡¡very¡¡great¡¡role¡¡in

history£»¡¡£¨a¡¡few¡¡of¡¡them¡¡in¡¡modified¡¡form¡¡have¡¡even¡¡found¡¡their

way¡¡into¡¡our¡¡own¡¡alphabet£»£©¡¡you¡¡ought¡¡to¡¡know¡¡something

about¡¡the¡¡ingenious¡¡system¡¡which¡¡was¡¡used¡¡fifty¡¡centuries¡¡ago

to¡¡preserve¡¡the¡¡spoken¡¡word¡¡for¡¡the¡¡benefit¡¡of¡¡the¡¡coming

generations¡£



Of¡¡course£»¡¡you¡¡know¡¡what¡¡a¡¡sign¡¡language¡¡is¡£¡¡Every

Indian¡¡story¡¡of¡¡our¡¡western¡¡plains¡¡has¡¡a¡¡chapter¡¡devoted¡¡to

strange¡¡messages¡¡writter£ûsic£ý¡¡in¡¡the¡¡form¡¡of¡¡little¡¡pictures¡¡which

tell¡¡how¡¡many¡¡buffaloes¡¡were¡¡killed¡¡and¡¡how¡¡many¡¡hunters

there¡¡were¡¡in¡¡a¡¡certain¡¡party¡£¡¡As¡¡a¡¡rule¡¡it¡¡is¡¡not¡¡difficult¡¡to

understand¡¡the¡¡meaning¡¡of¡¡such¡¡messages¡£



Ancient¡¡Egyptian£»¡¡however£»¡¡was¡¡not¡¡a¡¡sign¡¡language¡£¡¡The

clever¡¡people¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Nile¡¡had¡¡passed¡¡beyond¡¡that¡¡stage¡¡long

before¡£¡¡Their¡¡pictures¡¡meant¡¡a¡¡great¡¡deal¡¡more¡¡than¡¡the¡¡object

which¡¡they¡¡represented£»¡¡as¡¡I¡¡shall¡¡try¡¡to¡¡explain¡¡to¡¡you¡¡now¡£



Suppose¡¡that¡¡you¡¡were¡¡Champollion£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡you¡¡were

examining¡¡a¡¡stack¡¡of¡¡papyrus¡¡sheets£»¡¡all¡¡covered¡¡with¡¡hieroglyphics¡£

Suddenly¡¡you¡¡came¡¡across¡¡a¡¡picture¡¡of¡¡a¡¡man¡¡with

a¡¡saw¡£¡¡¡®¡®Very¡¡well£»''¡¡you¡¡would¡¡say£»¡¡¡®¡®that¡¡means¡¡of¡¡course¡¡that

a¡¡farmer¡¡went¡¡out¡¡to¡¡cut¡¡down¡¡a¡¡tree¡£''¡¡Then¡¡you¡¡take¡¡another

papyrus¡£¡¡It¡¡tells¡¡the¡¡story¡¡of¡¡a¡¡queen¡¡who¡¡had¡¡died¡¡at¡¡the¡¡age

of¡¡eighty¡­two¡£¡¡In¡¡the¡¡midst¡¡of¡¡a¡¡sentence¡¡appears¡¡the¡¡picture

of¡¡the¡¡man¡¡with¡¡the¡¡saw¡£¡¡Queens¡¡of¡¡eighty¡­two¡¡do¡¡not¡¡handle

saws¡£¡¡The¡¡picture¡¡therefore¡¡must¡¡mean¡¡something¡¡else¡£¡¡

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