the story of mankind-第44章

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Renaissance。　They　had　accepted　the　doctrine　of　the　Polish

mathematician；　Nicolaus　Copernicus；　whose　studies　had　con…

vinced　him　that　the　earth　was　one　of　a　number　of　round　planets

which　turned　around　the　sun；　a　discovery　which　he　did　not　venture

to　publish　for　thirty…six　years　（it　was　printed　in　1548；

the　year　of　his　death）　from　fear　of　the　Holy　Inquisition；　a

Papal　court　which　had　been　established　in　the　thirteenth　century

when　the　heresies　of　the　Albigenses　and　the　Waldenses

in　France　and　in　Italy　（very　mild　heresies　of　devoutly　pious

people　who　did　not　believe　in　private　property　and　preferred

to　live　in　Christ…like　poverty）　had　for　a　moment　threatened　the

absolute　power　of　the　bishops　of　Rome。　But　the　belief　in　the

roundness　of　the　earth　was　common　among　the　nautical　experts

and；　as　I　said；　they　were　now　debating　the　respective

advantages　of　the　eastern　and　the　western　routes。



Among　the　advocates　of　the　western　route　was　a　Genoese

mariner　by　the　name　of　Cristoforo　Colombo。　He　was　the　son

of　a　wool　merchant。　He　seems　to　have　been　a　student　at　the

University　of　Pavia　where　he　specialised　in　mathematics　and

geometry。　Then　he　took　up　his　father's　trade　but　soon　we　find

him　in　Chios　in　the　eastern　Mediterranean　travelling　on　business。

Thereafter　we　hear　of　voyages　to　England　but　whether

he　went　north　in　search　of　wool　or　as　the　captain　of　a　ship　we

do　not　know。　In　February　of　the　year　1477；　Colombo　（if　we

are　to　believe　his　own　words）　visited　Iceland；　but　very　likely

he　only　got　as　far　as　the　Faroe　Islands　which　are　cold　enough

in　February　to　be　mistaken　for　Iceland　by　any　one。　Here

Colombo　met　the　descendants　of　those　brave　Norsemen　who

in　the　tenth　century　had　settled　in　Greenland　and　who　had

visited　America　in　the　eleventh　century；　when　Leif's　vessel

had　been　blown　to　the　coast　of　Vineland；　or　Labrador。



What　had　become　of　those　far　western　colonies　no　one

knew。　The　American　colony　of　Thorfinn　Karlsefne；　the　husband

of　the　widow　of　Leif's　brother　Thorstein；　founded　in　the

year　1003；　had　been　discontinued　three　years　later　on　account

of　the　hostility　of　the　Esquimaux。　As　for　Greenland；　not　a

word　had　been　heard　from　the　settlers　since　the　year　1440。

Very　likely　the　Greenlanders　had　all　died　of　the　Black　Death。

which　had　just　killed　half　the　people　of　Norway。　However

that　might　be；　the　tradition　of　a　‘‘vast　land　in　the　distant　west''

still　survived　among　the　people　of　the　Faroe　and　Iceland；　and

Colombo　must　have　heard　of　it。　He　gathered　further　information

among　the　fishermen　of　the　northern　Scottish　islands　and

then　went　to　Portugal　where　he　married　the　daughter　of　one

of　the　captains　who　had　served　under　Prince　Henry　the

Navigator。



From　that　moment　on　（the　year　1478）　he　devoted　himself

to　the　quest　of　the　western　route　to　the　Indies。　He　sent　his

plans　for　such　a　voyage　to　the　courts　of　Portugal　and　Spain。

The　Portuguese；　who　felt　certain　that　they　possessed　a　monop…

oly　of　the　eastern　route；　would　not　listen　to　his　plans。　In

Spain；　Ferdinand　of　Aragon　and　Isabella　of　Castile；　whose

marriage　in　1469　had　made　Spain　into　a　single　kingdom；　were

busy　driving　the　Moors　from　their　last　stronghold；　Granada。

They　had　no　money　for　risky　expeditions。　They　needed　every

peseta　for　their　soldiers。



Few　people　were　ever　forced　to　fight　as　desperately　for

their　ideas　as　this　brave　Italian。　But　the　story　of　Colombo

（or　Colon　or　Columbus；　as　we　call　him；）　is　too　well　known　to

bear　repeating。　The　Moors　surrendered　Granada　on　the　second

of　January　of　the　year　1492。　In　the　month　of　April　of　the

same　year；　Columbus　signed　a　contract　with　the　King　and

Queen　of　Spain。　On　Friday；　the　3rd　of　August；　he　left　Palos

with　three　little　ships　and　a　crew　of　88　men；　many　of　whom

were　criminals　who　had　been　offered　indemnity　of　punishment

if　they　joined　the　expedition。　At　two　o'clock　in　the　morning

of　Friday；　the　12th　of　October；　Columbus　discovered　land。　On

the　fourth　of　January　of　the　year　1493；　Columbus　waved　farewell

to　the　44　men　of　the　little　fortress　of　La　Navidad　（none

of　whom　was　ever　again　seen　alive）　and　returned　homeward。

By　the　middle　of　February　he　reached　the　Azores　where　the

Portuguese　threatened　to　throw　him　into　gaol。　On　the　fifteenth

of　March；　1493；　the　admiral　reached　Palos　and　together　with

his　Indians　（for　he　was　convinced　that　he　had　discovered　some

outlying　islands　of　the　Indies　and　called　the　natives　red

Indians）　he　hastened　to　Barcelona　to　tell　his　faithful　patrons

that　he　had　been　successful　and　that　the　road　to　the　gold　and

the　silver　of　Cathay　and　Zipangu　was　at　the　disposal　of　their

most　Catholic　Majesties。



Alas；　Columbus　never　knew　the　truth。　Towards　the　end

of　his　life；　on　his　fourth　voyage；　when　he　had　touched　the　mainland

of　South　America；　he　may　have　suspected　that　all　was

not　well　with　his　discovery。　But　he　died　in　the　firm　belief

that　there　was　no　solid　continent　between　Europe　and　Asia

and　that　he　had　found　the　direct　route　to　China。



Meanwhile；　the　Portuguese；　sticking　to　their　eastern　route；

had　been　more　fortunate。　In　the　year　1498；　Vasco　da　Gama

had　been　able　to　reach　the　coast　of　Malabar　and　return　safely

to　Lisbon　with　a　cargo　of　spice。　In　the　year　1502　he　had

repeated　the　visit。　But　along　the　western　route；　the　work　of

exploration　had　been　most　disappointing。　In　1497　and　1498

John　and　Sebastian　Cabot　had　tried　to　find　a　passage　to　Japan

but　they　had　seen　nothing　but　the　snowbound　coasts　and　the

rocks　of　Newfoundland；　which　had　first　been　sighted　by　the

Northmen；　five　centuries　before。　Amerigo　Vespucci；　a　Florentine

who　became　the　Pilot　Major　of　Spain；　and　who　gave　his

name　to　our　continent；　had　explored　the　coast　of　Brazil；　but

had　found　not　a　trace　of　the　Indies。



In　the　year　1513；　seven　years　after　the　death　of　Columbus；

the　truth　at　last　began　to　dawn　upon　the　geographers　of

Europe。　Vasco　Nunez　de　Balboa　had　crossed　the　Isthmus　of

Panama；　had　climbed　the　famous　peak　in　Darien；　and　had

looked　down　upon　a　vast　expanse　of　water　which　seemed　to

suggest　the　existence　of　another　ocean。



Finally　in　the　year　1519　a　fleet　of　five　small　Spanish　ships

under　command　of　the　Portuguese　navigator；　Ferdinand　de

Magellan；　sailed　westward　（and　not　eastward　since　that　route；

was　absolutely　in　the　hands　of　the　Portuguese　who　allowed　no

competition）　in　search　of　the　Spice　Islands。　Magellan　crossed

the　Atlantic　between　Africa　and　Brazil　and　sailed　southward。

He　reached　a　narrow　channel　between　the　southernmost　point

of　Patagonia；　the　‘‘land　of　the　people　with　the　big　feet；''　and

the　Fire　Island　（so　named　on　account　of　a　fire；　the　only　sign　of

the　existence　of　natives；　which　the　sailors　watched　one　night）。

For　almost　five　weeks　the　ships　of　Magellan　were　at　the　mercy

of　the　terrible　storms　and　blizzards　which　swept　through　the

straits。　A　mutiny　broke　out　among　the　sailors。　Magellan

suppressed　it　with　terrible　severity　and　sent　two　of　his　men

on　shore　where　they　were　left　to　repent　of　their　sins　at　leisure。

At　last　the　storms　quieted　down；　the　channel　broadened；　and

Magellan　entered　a　new　ocean。　Its　waves　were　quiet　and

placid。　He　called　it　the　Peaceful　Sea；　the　Mare　Pacifico。

Then　he　continued　in　a　western　direction。　He　sailed　for

ninety…eight　days　without　seeing　land。　His　people　almost

perished　from　hunger　and　thirst　and　ate　the　rats　that　infested

the　ships；　and　when　these　were　all　gone　they　chewed　pieces　of

sail　to　still　their　gnawing　hunger。



In　March　of　the　year　1521　they　saw　land。　Magellan　called

it　the　land　of　the　Ladrones　（which　means　robbers）　because　the

natives　stole　everything　they　could　lay　hands　on。　Then　further

westward　to　the　Spice　Islands！



Again　land　was　sighted。　A　group　of　lonely　islands。　Magellan

called　them　the　Philippines；　after　Philip；　the　son　of　his

master　Charles　V；　the　Philip　II　of　unpleasant　historical　memory。

At　first　Magellan　was　well　received；　but　when　he　used

the　guns　of　his　ships　t