a record of buddhistic kingdoms(·ð¶¼¼Ç¼)-µÚ33ÕÂ
°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡A¡¡RECORD¡¡OF¡¡BUDDHISTIC¡¡KINGDOMS¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡NOTES¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§1£§¡¡See¡¡chap¡£¡¡xxviii£»¡¡note¡¡1¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§2£§¡¡¡¡¡¡See¡¡¡¡¡¡chap¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡xxv£»¡¡¡¡¡¡note¡¡¡¡¡¡9¡£¡¡¡¡Pisuna¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡name¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡given¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡Mara£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡
signifies¡¡¡¨sinful¡¡lust¡£¡¨¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§3£§¡¡See¡¡M¡£¡¡B¡££»¡¡p¡£¡¡320¡£¡¡Hardy¡¡says¡¡that¡¡Devadatta's¡¡attempt¡¡was¡¡¡¨by¡¡the¡¡
help¡¡of¡¡a¡¡machine£»¡¨¡¡but¡¡the¡¡oldest¡¡account¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Sacred¡¡Books¡¡of¡¡the¡¡East£»¡¡
vol¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡xx£»¡¡¡¡¡¡Vinaya¡¡¡¡¡¡Texts£»¡¡¡¡¡¡p¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡245£»¡¡¡¡¡¡agrees¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡what¡¡¡¡¡¡Fa¡hien¡¡¡¡¡¡implies¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡
threw¡¡the¡¡rock¡¡with¡¡his¡¡own¡¡arm¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§4£§¡¡And£»¡¡as¡¡described¡¡by¡¡Hsuan¡chwang£»¡¡fourteen¡¡or¡¡fifteen¡¡cubits¡¡high£»¡¡
and¡¡thirty¡¡paces¡¡round¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§5£§¡¡See¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Bunyiu¡¡Nanjio's¡¡¡¨Catalogue¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Chinese¡¡Translation¡¡of¡¡
the¡¡Buddhist¡¡Tripitaka£»¡¨¡¡Sutra¡¡Pitaka£»¡¡Nos¡£¡¡399£»¡¡446¡£¡¡It¡¡was¡¡the¡¡former¡¡of¡¡
these¡¡that¡¡came¡¡on¡¡this¡¡occasion¡¡to¡¡the¡¡thoughts¡¡and¡¡memory¡¡of¡¡Fa¡hien¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§6£§¡¡In¡¡a¡¡note¡¡£¨p¡£¡¡lx£©¡¡to¡¡his¡¡revised¡¡version¡¡of¡¡our¡¡author£»¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Beal¡¡says£»¡¡
¡¨There¡¡is¡¡a¡¡full¡¡account¡¡of¡¡this¡¡perilous¡¡visit¡¡of¡¡Fa¡hien£»¡¡and¡¡how¡¡he¡¡was¡¡
attacked¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡tigers£»¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡'History¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡High¡¡¡¡¡¡Priests¡£'¡¨¡¡¡¡¡¡But¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨the¡¡¡¡¡¡high¡¡
priests¡¨¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡merely¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡means¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡distinguished¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡monks£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨eminent¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡monks£»¡¨¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡Mr¡£¡¡
Nanjio¡¡exactly¡¡renders¡¡the¡¡adjectival¡¡character¡£¡¡Nor¡¡was¡¡Fa¡hien¡¡¡¨attacked¡¡
by¡¡¡¡¡¡tigers¡¨¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡peak¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡No¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨tigers¡¨¡¡¡¡¡¡appear¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Memoir¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨Two¡¡¡¡¡¡black¡¡
lions¡¨¡¡indeed¡¡crouched¡¡before¡¡him¡¡for¡¡a¡¡time¡¡this¡¡night£»¡¡¡¨licking¡¡their¡¡lips¡¡
and¡¡waving¡¡their¡¡tails£»¡¨¡¡but¡¡their¡¡appearance¡¡was¡¡to¡¡¡¨try£»¡¨¡¡and¡¡not¡¡to¡¡attack¡¡
him£»¡¡and¡¡when¡¡they¡¡saw¡¡him¡¡resolute£»¡¡they¡¡¡¨drooped¡¡their¡¡heads£»¡¡put¡¡down¡¡
their¡¡tails£»¡¡and¡¡prostrated¡¡themselves¡¡before¡¡him¡£¡¨¡¡This¡¡of¡¡course¡¡is¡¡not¡¡an¡¡
historical¡¡account£»¡¡but¡¡a¡¡legendary¡¡tribute¡¡to¡¡his¡¡bold¡¡perseverance¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡126¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡127¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡A¡¡RECORD¡¡OF¡¡BUDDHISTIC¡¡KINGDOMS¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡CHAPTER¡¡XXX¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡THE¡¡SRATAPARNA¡¡CAVE£»¡¡OR¡¡CAVE¡¡OF¡¡THE¡¡FIRST¡¡COUNCIL¡£¡¡
LEGENDS¡£¡¡SUICIDE¡¡OF¡¡A¡¡BHIKSHU¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Out¡¡from¡¡the¡¡old¡¡city£»¡¡after¡¡walking¡¡over¡¡300¡¡paces£»¡¡on¡¡the¡¡west¡¡of¡¡the¡¡
road£»¡¡£¨the¡¡travellers£©¡¡found¡¡the¡¡Karanda¡¡Bamboo¡¡garden£»£§1£§¡¡where¡¡the¡¡£¨old£©¡¡
vihara¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡still¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡existence£»¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡company¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡monks£»¡¡¡¡¡¡who¡¡¡¡¡¡keep¡¡¡¡¡¡£¨the¡¡
ground¡¡about¡¡it£©¡¡swept¡¡and¡¡watered¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡North¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡vihara¡¡¡¡¡¡two¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡three¡¡¡¡¡¡le¡¡¡¡¡¡there¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Smasanam£»¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡
name¡¡¡¡¡¡means¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Chinese¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨the¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡field¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡graves¡¡¡¡into¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡dead¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡
thrown¡£¡¨£§2£§¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡As¡¡they¡¡kept¡¡along¡¡the¡¡mountain¡¡on¡¡the¡¡south£»¡¡and¡¡went¡¡west¡¡for¡¡300¡¡
paces£»¡¡they¡¡found¡¡a¡¡dwelling¡¡among¡¡the¡¡rocks£»¡¡named¡¡the¡¡Pippala¡¡cave£»£§3£§¡¡
in¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡Buddha¡¡¡¡¡¡regularly¡¡¡¡¡¡sat¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡meditation¡¡¡¡¡¡after¡¡¡¡¡¡taking¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡¡¡¡¡£¨midday£©¡¡
meal¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Going¡¡on¡¡still¡¡to¡¡the¡¡west¡¡for¡¡five¡¡or¡¡six¡¡le£»¡¡on¡¡the¡¡north¡¡of¡¡the¡¡hill£»¡¡in¡¡
the¡¡¡¡¡¡shade£»¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡found¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡cavern¡¡¡¡¡¡called¡¡¡¡¡¡Srataparna£»£§4£§¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡place¡¡¡¡¡¡where£»¡¡
after¡¡the¡¡nirvana£§5£§¡¡of¡¡Buddha£»¡¡500¡¡Arhats¡¡collected¡¡the¡¡Sutras¡£¡¡When¡¡they¡¡
brought¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Sutras¡¡¡¡¡¡forth£»¡¡¡¡¡¡three¡¡¡¡¡¡lofty¡¡¡¡seats£§6£§¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡had¡¡¡¡¡¡been¡¡¡¡¡¡prepared¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡
grandly¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ornamented¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Sariputtra¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡occupied¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡one¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡left£»¡¡¡¡and¡¡
Maudgalyayana¡¡that¡¡on¡¡the¡¡right¡£¡¡Of¡¡the¡¡number¡¡of¡¡five¡¡hundred¡¡one¡¡was¡¡
wanting¡£¡¡¡¡Mahakasyapa¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡president¡¡¡¡¡¡£¨on¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡middle¡¡¡¡¡¡seat£©¡£¡¡Amanda¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡
then¡¡¡¡¡¡outside¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡door£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡could¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡get¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡££§7£§¡¡¡¡¡¡At¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡place¡¡¡¡¡¡there¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡
£¨subsequently£©¡¡raised¡¡a¡¡tope£»¡¡which¡¡is¡¡still¡¡existing¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Along¡¡¡¡¡¡£¨the¡¡¡¡¡¡sides¡¡¡¡¡¡of£©¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡hill£»¡¡¡¡¡¡there¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡also¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡very¡¡¡¡¡¡great¡¡¡¡¡¡many¡¡¡¡¡¡cells¡¡
among¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡rocks£»¡¡¡¡¡¡where¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡various¡¡¡¡¡¡Arhans¡¡¡¡¡¡sat¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡meditated¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡As¡¡¡¡¡¡you¡¡
leave¡¡the¡¡old¡¡city¡¡on¡¡the¡¡north£»¡¡and¡¡go¡¡down¡¡east¡¡for¡¡three¡¡le£»¡¡there¡¡is¡¡the¡¡
rock¡¡dwelling¡¡of¡¡Devadatta£»¡¡and¡¡at¡¡a¡¡distance¡¡of¡¡fifty¡¡paces¡¡from¡¡it¡¡there¡¡is¡¡
a¡¡¡¡¡¡large£»¡¡¡¡¡¡square£»¡¡¡¡¡¡black¡¡¡¡¡¡rock¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Formerly¡¡¡¡¡¡there¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡bhikshu£»¡¡¡¡¡¡who£»¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡
walked¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡backwards¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡forwards¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡upon¡¡¡¡¡¡it£»¡¡¡¡thought¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡himself£º¡¨This¡¡
body£§8£§¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡impermanent£»¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡thing¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡bitterness¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡vanity£»£§9£§¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡
cannot¡¡be¡¡looked¡¡on¡¡as¡¡pure¡££§10£§¡¡I¡¡am¡¡weary¡¡of¡¡this¡¡body£»¡¡and¡¡troubled¡¡by¡¡
it¡¡as¡¡an¡¡evil¡£¡¨¡¡With¡¡this¡¡he¡¡grasped¡¡a¡¡knife£»¡¡and¡¡was¡¡about¡¡to¡¡kill¡¡himself¡£¡¡
But¡¡he¡¡thought¡¡again£º¡¨The¡¡World¡honoured¡¡one¡¡laid¡¡down¡¡a¡¡prohibition¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡127¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡128¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡A¡¡RECORD¡¡OF¡¡BUDDHISTIC¡¡KINGDOMS¡¡
against¡¡one's¡¡killing¡¡himself¡£¡¨£§11£§¡¡Further¡¡it¡¡occurred¡¡to¡¡him£º¡¨Yes£»¡¡he¡¡did£»¡¡
but¡¡I¡¡now¡¡only¡¡wish¡¡to¡¡kill¡¡three¡¡poisonous¡¡thieves¡£¡¨£§12£§¡¡Immediately¡¡with¡¡
the¡¡knife¡¡he¡¡cut¡¡his¡¡throat¡£¡¡With¡¡the¡¡first¡¡gash¡¡into¡¡the¡¡flesh¡¡he¡¡attained¡¡the¡¡
state¡¡of¡¡a¡¡Srotapanna£»£§13£§¡¡when¡¡he¡¡had¡¡gone¡¡half¡¡through£»¡¡he¡¡attained¡¡to¡¡
be¡¡an¡¡Anagamin£»£§14£§¡¡and¡¡when¡¡he¡¡had¡¡cut¡¡right¡¡through£»¡¡he¡¡was¡¡an¡¡Arhat£»¡¡
and¡¡attained¡¡to¡¡pari¡nirvana£»£§15£§¡¡£¨and¡¡died£©¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡128¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡129¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡A¡¡RECORD¡¡OF¡¡BUDDHISTIC¡¡KINGDOMS¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡NOTES¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§1£§¡¡Karanda¡¡Venuvana£»¡¡a¡¡park¡¡presented¡¡to¡¡Buddha¡¡by¡¡king¡¡Bimbisara£»¡¡
who¡¡also¡¡built¡¡a¡¡vihara¡¡in¡¡it¡£¡¡See¡¡the¡¡account¡¡of¡¡the¡¡transaction¡¡in¡¡M¡£¡¡B¡££»¡¡p¡£¡¡
194¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡place¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡called¡¡¡¡¡¡Karanda£»¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡creature¡¡¡¡¡¡so¡¡¡¡¡¡named£»¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡
awoke¡¡the¡¡king¡¡just¡¡as¡¡a¡¡snake¡¡was¡¡about¡¡to¡¡bite¡¡him£»¡¡and¡¡thus¡¡saved¡¡his¡¡
life¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡In¡¡¡¡¡¡Hardy¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡creature¡¡¡¡¡¡appears¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡squirrel£»¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡¡¡¡¡Eitel¡¡¡¡¡¡says¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
Karanda¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡bird¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡sweet¡¡¡¡¡¡voice£»¡¡¡¡¡¡resembling¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡magpie£»¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡¡¡¡¡herding¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡
flocks£»¡¡the¡¡/cuculus¡¡melanoleucus/¡£¡¡See¡¡¡¨Buddhist¡¡Birth¡¡Stories£»¡¨¡¡p¡£¡¡118¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§2£§¡¡The¡¡language¡¡here¡¡is¡¡rather¡¡contemptuous£»¡¡as¡¡if¡¡our¡¡author¡¡had¡¡no¡¡
sympathy¡¡with¡¡any¡¡other¡¡mode¡¡of¡¡disposing¡¡of¡¡the¡¡dead£»¡¡but¡¡by¡¡his¡¡own¡¡
Buddhistic¡¡method¡¡of¡¡cremation¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§3£§¡¡The¡¡Chinese¡¡characters¡¡used¡¡for¡¡the¡¡name¡¡of¡¡this¡¡cavern¡¡serve¡¡also¡¡
to¡¡name¡¡the¡¡pippala¡¡£¨peepul£©¡¡tree£»¡¡the¡¡/ficus¡¡religiosa/¡£¡¡They¡¡make¡¡us¡¡think¡¡
that¡¡¡¡¡¡there¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡such¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡tree¡¡¡¡¡¡overshadowing¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡cave£»¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡¡¡¡¡Fa¡hien¡¡¡¡¡¡would¡¡
hardly¡¡have¡¡neglected¡¡to¡¡mention¡¡such¡¡a¡¡circumstance¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§4£§¡¡A¡¡very¡¡great¡¡place¡¡in¡¡the¡¡annals¡¡of¡¡Buddhism¡£¡¡The¡¡Council¡¡in¡¡the¡¡
Srataparna¡¡¡¡¡¡cave¡¡¡¡¡¡did¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡come¡¡¡¡¡¡together¡¡¡¡¡¡fortuitously£»¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡¡¡¡¡appears¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡
been¡¡convoked¡¡by¡¡the¡¡older¡¡members¡¡to¡¡settle¡¡the¡¡rules¡¡and¡¡doctrines¡¡of¡¡
the¡¡¡¡¡¡order¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡cave¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡prepared¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡occasion¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡king¡¡¡¡¡¡Ajatasatru¡£¡¡
From¡¡the¡¡expression¡¡about¡¡the¡¡¡¨bringing¡¡forth¡¡of¡¡the¡¡King£»¡¨¡¡it¡¡would¡¡seem¡¡
that¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Sutras¡¡or¡¡some¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡them¡¡had¡¡¡¡¡¡been¡¡¡¡¡¡already¡¡¡¡committed¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡writing¡£¡¡
May¡¡not¡¡the¡¡meaning¡¡of¡¡King¡¡£û¡££ý¡¡here¡¡be¡¡extended¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Vinaya¡¡rules£»¡¡as¡¡
well¡¡as¡¡the¡¡Sutras£»¡¡and¡¡mean¡¡¡¨the¡¡standards¡¨¡¡of¡¡the¡¡system¡¡generally£¿¡¡See¡¡
Davids'¡¡Manual£»¡¡chapter¡¡ix£»¡¡and¡¡Sacred¡¡Books¡¡of¡¡the¡¡East£»¡¡vol¡£¡¡xx£»¡¡Vinaya¡¡
Texts£»¡¡pp¡£¡¡370¡385¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§5£§¡¡So¡¡in¡¡the¡¡text£»¡¡evidently¡¡for¡¡pari¡nirvana¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§6£§¡¡¡¡¡¡Instead¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¨high¡¨¡¡¡¡¡¡seats£»¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡Chinese¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡texts¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨vacant¡£¡¨¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡
character¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¨prepared¡¨¡¡¡¡¡¡denotes¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨spread£»¡¨they¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡¡¡¡¡carpeted£»¡¡¡¡¡¡perhaps£»¡¡
both¡¡¡¡¡¡cushioned¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡carpeted£»¡¡¡¡¡¡being¡¡¡¡¡¡rugs¡¡¡¡¡¡spread¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡ground£»¡¡¡¡¡¡raised¡¡
higher¡¡than¡¡the¡¡other¡¡places¡¡for¡¡seats¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§7£§¡¡Did¡¡they¡¡not¡¡contrive¡¡to¡¡let¡¡him¡¡in£»¡¡with¡¡some¡¡cachinnation£»¡¡even¡¡in¡¡
so¡¡august¡¡an¡¡assembly£»¡¡that¡¡so¡¡important¡¡a¡¡member¡¡should¡¡have¡¡been¡¡shut¡¡
out£¿¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡129¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡130¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡A¡¡RECORD¡¡OF¡¡BUDDHISTIC¡¡KINGDOMS¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§8£§¡¡¡¨The¡¡life¡¡of¡¡this¡¡body¡¨¡¡would£»¡¡I¡¡think£»¡¡fairly¡¡express¡¡the¡¡idea¡¡of¡¡the¡¡
bhikshu¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§9£§¡¡See¡¡the¡¡account¡¡of¡¡Buddha's¡¡preaching¡¡in¡¡chapter¡¡xviii¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§10£§¡¡The¡¡sentiment¡¡of¡¡this¡¡clause¡¡is¡¡not¡¡easily¡¡caught¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§11£§¡¡See¡¡E¡£¡¡M¡££»¡¡p¡£¡¡152£º¡¨Buddha¡¡made¡¡a¡¡law¡¡forbidding¡¡the¡¡monks¡¡to¡¡
commit¡¡suicide¡£¡¡He¡¡prohibited¡¡any¡¡one¡¡from¡¡discoursing¡¡on¡¡the¡¡miseries¡¡of¡¡
lif