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第24章

a record of buddhistic kingdoms(佛都记录)-第24章

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a Buddha。 

     '5'   Sudatta;   meaning   〃almsgiver;〃   was   the   original   name   of Anatha… 

pindika (or Pindada); a wealthy householder; or Vaisya head; of Sravasti; 

famous for his liberality (Hardy; Anepidu)。 Of his old house; only the well 

and walls remained at the time of Fa…hien's visit to Sravasti。 

     '6' The Angulimalya were a sect or set of Sivaitic fanatics; who made 

assassination a religious act。 The one of them here mentioned had joined 

them     by  the   force  of   circumstances。     Being    converted    by   Buddha;     he 

became a   monk; but when it is said in the text that he 〃got the Tao;〃 or 

doctrine; I think that expression implies more than his conversion; and is 

equivalent to his becoming an Arhat。 His name in Pali is Angulimala。 That 

he   did   become   an Arhat   is   clear   from   his   autobiographical   poem   in   the 

〃Songs of the Theras。〃 

     '7'   Eitel   (p。   37)   says:〃A   noted   vihara   in   the   suburbs   of   Sravasti; 

erected in a park which Anatha…pindika bought of prince Jeta; the son of 

Prasenajit。   Sakyamuni   made   this   place   his   favourite   residence   for   many 



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years。   Most   of   the   Sutras   (authentic   and   supposititious)   date   from   this 

spot。〃 

     '8' See chapter xvii。 

     '9' See chapter xiii。 

     '10' Arya; meaning 〃honourable;〃 〃venerable;〃 is a title given only to 

those who have mastered the four spiritual truths:(1) that 〃misery〃 is a 

necessary  condition   of   all sentient   existence;   this   is duhkha:   (2)   that   the 

〃accumulation〃 of misery is caused by the passions; this is samudaya: (3) 

that the 〃extinction〃 of passion is possible; this is nirodha: and (4) that the 

〃path〃   leads   to   the   extinction   of   passion;   which   is   marga。 According   to 

their   attainment   of   these   truths;   the   Aryas;   or   followers   of   Buddha;   are 

distinguished into four classes; Srotapannas; Sakridagamins; Anagamins; 

and Arhats。 E。 H。; p。 14。 

     '11' This is the first time that Fa…hien employs the name Ho…shang {。} 

{。}; which is now popularly used in China for all Buddhist monks without 

distinction of   rank or   office。 It is the representative of the   Sanskrit term 

Upadhyaya; 〃explained;〃 says Eitel (p。 155) by 〃a self…taught teacher;〃 or 

by 〃he who knows what is sinful and what is not sinful;〃 with the note; 〃In 

India   the   vernacular   of   this   term   is   {。}   {。}   (?   munshee   '?   Bronze');   in 

Kustana and Kashgar they say {。} {。} (hwa…shay); and from the latter term 

are   derived   the   Chinese   synonyms;   {。}   {。}   (ho…shay)   and   {。}   {。}   (ho… 

shang)。〃 The Indian term was originally a designation for those who teach 

only a part of the Vedas; the Vedangas。 Adopted by Buddhists of Central 

Asia; it was made to signify the priests of the older ritual; in distinction 

from the Lamas。 In China it has been used first as a synonym for {。} {。}; 

monks engaged   in popular teaching   (teachers of   the Law);  in distinction 

from     {。}   {。};   disciplinists;     and   {。}   {。};   contemplative       philosophers 

(meditationists); then it was used to designate the abbots of monasteries。 

But it is   now  popularly  applied   to all   Buddhist   monks。  In   the  text   there 

seems to be implied some distinction between the 〃teachers〃 and the 〃ho… 

shang;〃probably; the Pali Akariya and Upagghaya; see Sacred Books of 

the East; vol。 xiii; Vinaya Texts; pp。 178; 179。 

     '12' It might be added; 〃as depending on it;〃 in order to bring out the 

full   meaning   of   the   {。}   in   the   text。   If   I   recollect   aright;   the   help   of   the 



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police   had   to   be   called   in   at   Hong   Kong   in   its   early   years;   to   keep   the 

approaches       to  the   Cathedral     free  from    the   number     of  beggars;    who 

squatted down there during service; hoping that the hearers would  come 

out with softened hearts; and disposed to be charitable。 I found the popular 

tutelary temples in Peking and other places; and the path up Mount T'ai in 

Shan…lung similarly frequented。 

     '13' The wife of Anatha…pindika; and who became 〃mother superior〃 

of many nunneries。 See her history in M。 B。; pp。 220…227。 I am surprised it 

does not end with the statement that she is to become a Buddha。 

     '14' See E。 H。; p。 136。 Hsuan…chwang does not give the name of this 

murderer; see in Julien's 〃Vie et Voyages de Hiouen…thsang;〃 p。 125; 〃a 

heretical Brahman killed a woman and calumniated Buddha。〃 See also the 

fuller account in Beal's 〃Records of Western Countries;〃 pp。 7; 8; where 

the murder is committed by several Brahmacharins。 In this passage Beal 

makes Sundari to be the name of the murdered person (a harlot)。 But the 

text cannot be so construed。 

     '15' Eitel (p。 144) calls her Chancha; in Singhalese; Chinchi。 See the 

story about her; M。 B。; pp。 275…277。 

     '16'   〃Earth's   prison;〃   or   〃one   of   Earth's   prisons。〃   It   was   the   Avichi 

naraka   to   which   she   went;   the   last   of   the   eight   hot   prisons;   where   the 

culprits die; and are born again in uninterrupted succession (such being the 

meaning of Avichi); though not without hope of final redemption。 E。 H。 p。 

21。 

     '17' Devadatta was brother of Ananda; and a near relative therefore of 

Sakyamuni。   He   was   the   deadly   enemy;   however;   of   the   latter。   He   had 

become   so   in   an   earlier   state   of   existence;   and   the   hatred   continued   in 

every successive birth; through which they reappeared in the world。   See 

the accounts of him; and of his various devices against Buddha; and his 

own destruction at the last; in M。 B。; pp。 315…321; 326…330; and still better; 

in the Sacred Books of the East; vol。 xx; Vinaya Texts; pp。 233…265。 For 

the particular attempt referred to in the text; see 〃The Life of the Buddha;〃 

p。 107。 When he was engulphed; and the flames were around him; he cried 

out   to   Buddha   to   save   him;   and   we   are   told   that   he   is   expected   yet   to 

appear   as   a   Buddha   under   the   name   of   Devaraja;   in   a   universe   called 



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Deva…soppana。 E。 H。; p。 39。 

     '18'   〃A   devalaya   ({。}   {。}   or   {。}   {。});   a   place   in   which   a   deva   is 

worshipped;a general name for all Brahmanical temples〃 (Eitel; p。 30)。 

We     read   in  the   Khang…hsi      dictionary    under    {。};  that  when     Kasyapa 

Matanga came to the Western Regions; with his Classics or Sutras; he was 

lodged   in   the   Court   of   State…Ceremonial;   and   that   afterwards   there   was 

built   for   him   〃The    Court    of   the  White…horse〃      ({。}   {。}   {。});  and   in 

consequence   the   name   of   Sze   {。}   came   to   be   given   to   all   Buddhistic 

temples。 Fa…hien; however; applies this term only to Brahmanical temples。 

     '19' Their speech was somewhat unconnected; but natural enough in 

the   circumstances。   Compare   the   whole   account   with   the   narrative   in   I 

Samuel v。 about the Ark and Dagon; that 〃twice…battered god of Palestine。〃 

     '20' 〃Entered the doctrine or path。〃 Three stages in the Buddhistic life 

are indicated by Fa…hien:〃entering it;〃 as here; by becoming monks ({。} 

{。});   〃getting   it;〃   by  becoming Arhats   ({。}   {。});   and   〃completing   it;〃   by 

becoming Buddha ({。} {。})。 

     '21' It is not quite clear whether the author had in mind here Central 

India as a whole; which I think he had; or only Kosala

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